Difference between revisions of "Pituitary gland"

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(→‎Rathke cleft cyst: more images, cholesterol cleft)
m (subdivide, re-arr)
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*Posterior pituitary (AKA neurohypophysis, neural pituitary).
*Posterior pituitary (AKA neurohypophysis, neural pituitary).


==Function==
=Function=
===Anterior===  
===Anterior===  
Hormones:<ref name=rcn_com>[http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pituitary.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pituitary.html]</ref>
Hormones:<ref name=rcn_com>[http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pituitary.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pituitary.html]</ref>
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*Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
*Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).


==Anatomy and histology==
=Anatomy and histology=
===Anatomy===
===Anatomy===
Basic anatomy (simplified):<ref name=bowen>URL: [http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/histo_pit.html http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/histo_pit.html]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
Basic anatomy (simplified):<ref name=bowen>URL: [http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/histo_pit.html http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/histo_pit.html]. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.</ref>
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Image: [http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/38_09.jpg Herring bodies (ouhsc.edu)].
Image: [http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/38_09.jpg Herring bodies (ouhsc.edu)].


==DDx for stellar lesions==
=DDx for stellar lesions=
*Pituitary adenoma.
*Pituitary adenoma.
*[[Rathke cleft cyst]].
*[[Rathke cleft cyst]].
Line 67: Line 67:
*[[Meningioma]].
*[[Meningioma]].


=Pituitary necrosis=
*Rare.
===Causes of pituitary necrosis===
*Sheehan syndrome - secondary to blood loss in childbirth.<ref>URL: [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sheehans-syndrome/DS00889 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sheehans-syndrome/DS00889]. Accessed on: 16 November 2010.</ref>
*[[Syphilis]] (fetal-maternal transmission).<ref>URL: [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/104/1/e4 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/104/1/e4]. Accessed on: 16 November 2010.</ref>
*Mollaret's meningitis - very rare.<ref name=pmid18715308>{{cite journal |author=Dancer CM, Woods ML, Henderson RD, Robertson T, Mungomery M, Allworth A |title=Mollaret's meningitis and pituitary failure associated with a Rathke's cleft cyst |journal=Intern Med J |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=609–11 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18715308 |doi=10.1111/j.1445-5994.2008.01709.x |url=}}</ref> (???)
*Spontaneous necrosis of pituitary tumours - case reports.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sachdev Y, Evered DC, Hall R |title=Spontaneous pituitary necrosis |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=6015 |pages=942 |year=1976 |month=April |pmid=1268492 |pmc=1639254 |doi= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1639254/pdf/brmedj00512-0028a.pdf}}</ref>
=Specific entities=
==Pituitary adenoma==
==Pituitary adenoma==
===General===
===General===
Line 136: Line 146:
*Calcified - adamantinomatous type only.
*Calcified - adamantinomatous type only.
*Solid & cystic.
*Solid & cystic.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Line 166: Line 175:
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papillary_craniopharyngioma_-_very_high_mag.jpg Papillary craniopharyngioma - very high mag. (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papillary_craniopharyngioma_-_very_high_mag.jpg Papillary craniopharyngioma - very high mag. (WC)].
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/ENDO115.jpg Craniopharyngioma (med.utah.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/ENDO115.jpg http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/ENDO115.jpg]. Accessed on: 6 December 2010.</ref>
*[http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/ENDO115.jpg Craniopharyngioma (med.utah.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/ENDO115.jpg http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/ENDO115.jpg]. Accessed on: 6 December 2010.</ref>
==Necrosis==
*Rare.
===Causes===
*Sheehan syndrome - secondary to blood loss in childbirth.<ref>URL: [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sheehans-syndrome/DS00889 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sheehans-syndrome/DS00889]. Accessed on: 16 November 2010.</ref>
*[[Syphilis]] (fetal-maternal transmission).<ref>URL: [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/104/1/e4 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/104/1/e4]. Accessed on: 16 November 2010.</ref>
*Mollaret's meningitis - very rare.<ref name=pmid18715308>{{cite journal |author=Dancer CM, Woods ML, Henderson RD, Robertson T, Mungomery M, Allworth A |title=Mollaret's meningitis and pituitary failure associated with a Rathke's cleft cyst |journal=Intern Med J |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=609–11 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18715308 |doi=10.1111/j.1445-5994.2008.01709.x |url=}}</ref> (???)
*Spontaneous necrosis of pituitary tumours - case reports.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sachdev Y, Evered DC, Hall R |title=Spontaneous pituitary necrosis |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=6015 |pages=942 |year=1976 |month=April |pmid=1268492 |pmc=1639254 |doi= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1639254/pdf/brmedj00512-0028a.pdf}}</ref>


==Autoimmune hypophysitis==
==Autoimmune hypophysitis==
Line 187: Line 187:
*Lymphocytic infiltration.
*Lymphocytic infiltration.


==See also==
=See also=
*[[CNS cytopathology]].
*[[CNS cytopathology]].
*[[Neuropathology]].
*[[Neuropathology]].
*[[Brain tumours]].
*[[Brain tumours]].


==References==
=References=
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


==External links==
=External links=
*[http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/ Neuropathology] - neuropathologyweb.org.
*[http://www.neuropathologyweb.org/ Neuropathology] - neuropathologyweb.org.
*[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm Endocrine histology (anhb.uwa.edu.au)].
*[http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/endocrines/endocrin.htm Endocrine histology (anhb.uwa.edu.au)].


[[Category:Neuropathology]]
[[Category:Neuropathology]]

Revision as of 15:30, 12 January 2012

The pituitary gland is known as the master gland.

Divisions:[1]

  • Anterior pituitary (AKA adenohypophysis).
  • Posterior pituitary (AKA neurohypophysis, neural pituitary).

Function

Anterior

Hormones:[2]

  • Growth hormone (GH).
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)

Mnemonic: "Go Look For The Adenoma Please" = GH, LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, PRL.

Posterior

Hormones:[2]

  • Oxytocin.
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Anatomy and histology

Anatomy

Basic anatomy (simplified):[3]

  • Anterior:
    • Pars distalis.
    • Pars intermedia.
  • Posterior:
    • Pars nervosa.

Embryological origin:[3]

  • Anterior - Rathke's pouch (roof of mouth).
  • Posterior - diencephalon (ventral aspect).

Images:

Histology

Anterior

  • Acidophils (40% of cells) = red or orange.
    • GH, PRL.
  • Basophils (10% of cells) = basophilic (light blue).
    • TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH.
  • Chromophobes (50% of cells) = amphophilic (purplish/grey).

Notes:

  • The cellular product (i.e. hormone produced) is not strictly correlated with the cell type.[4]
  • The cells can be typed using IHC; somatotrophs (GH), lactotrophs (PRL), corticotrophs (ACTH), thyrotrophs (TSH), gonadotrophs (FSH, LH).[5]

Posterior

Features:[4]

  • Herring bodies - key feature.
    • Eosinophilic axonal dilations filled with lysosomes and neurosecretory granules.
  • Less cellular.
    • Usually more cellular in perivascular location.

Image: Herring bodies (ouhsc.edu).

DDx for stellar lesions

Pituitary necrosis

  • Rare.

Causes of pituitary necrosis

  • Sheehan syndrome - secondary to blood loss in childbirth.[6]
  • Syphilis (fetal-maternal transmission).[7]
  • Mollaret's meningitis - very rare.[8] (???)
  • Spontaneous necrosis of pituitary tumours - case reports.[9]

Specific entities

Pituitary adenoma

General

  • Clinical:[10]
    • Classically: visual field defects (bitemporal hemianopsia).
    • Others (increased intracranial pressure): headache, nausea, vomiting.

Notes:

Classification:

  1. Microadenoma <= 1 cm.
  2. Macroadenoma > 1 cm.

Notes:

  • May be classified by what they secrete. Cushing disease is due to pituitary gland hypersecretion of ACTH (due to a pituitary adenoma or CRH hypersecretion from the hypothalamus).[11]

Microscopic

Features:[12]

  • Loss of fibrous stroma.
    • The cells of a normal (anterior) pituitary are nested.

Notes:

  • Smears very well.[13]

Images:

Rathke cleft cyst

General

  • Benign counterpart of craniopharyngioma.
  • Arises from intermediate lobe of pituitary gland (pars intermedia of pituitary gland).

Radiology:

  • Typically no calcifications.[14]

Radiologic DDx:[14]

Microscopic

Features:

  • Lined by a layer of cuboidal or columnar epithelial with cilia.
  • +/-Goblet cells.[15]
  • +/-Squamous metaplasia ~ may be several layers thick.
  • Cholesterol clefts may be seen in association with rupture.[17]

Images:

Craniopharyngioma

General

  • Develop from remains of Rathke's pouch or squamous epithelial cell rests.[18]

Comes in two flavours:[18]

  • Adamantinomatous type.
    • Adults and children.
  • Squamous papillary type.
    • Adults individuals.[19]
    • Usually solid.

Radiology:[18]

  • Calcified - adamantinomatous type only.
  • Solid & cystic.

Microscopic

Adamantinomatous

Features (adamantinomatous):[20]

  • Well-circumscribed (or pseudoinvasive border).
  • Multicystic.
  • Small-to-medium sized cells with moderate amount of basophilic cytoplasm.
  • Bland nuclei (with occ. small nucleoli).
  • "Wet" keratin - nests of whorled keratin.
  • Calcifications (non-psammomatous).

Images:

Papillary

Features (papillary):[21]

  • Non-keratinized squamous epithelium (without nuclear atypia).
  • Fibrovascular cores (required for papillary).

Notes:

  • +/-Cilia (rare).
  • +/-Goblet cell-like formations (rare).

Image:

Autoimmune hypophysitis

General

Features:[23]

  • Rare.
  • Autoantigens are unknown.
  • May be misdiagnosed as a nonsecreting adenoma.

Microscopic

Features:[23]

  • Lymphocytic infiltration.

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/histo.html
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Pituitary.html
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 URL: http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/histo_pit.html. Accessed on: 31 October 2010.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 26. ISBN 978-0443069826.
  5. ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1098-9. ISBN 978-1416031215.
  6. ↑ URL: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sheehans-syndrome/DS00889. Accessed on: 16 November 2010.
  7. ↑ URL: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/104/1/e4. Accessed on: 16 November 2010.
  8. ↑ Dancer CM, Woods ML, Henderson RD, Robertson T, Mungomery M, Allworth A (July 2008). "Mollaret's meningitis and pituitary failure associated with a Rathke's cleft cyst". Intern Med J 38 (7): 609–11. doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2008.01709.x. PMID 18715308.
  9. ↑ Sachdev Y, Evered DC, Hall R (April 1976). "Spontaneous pituitary necrosis". Br Med J 1 (6015): 942. PMC 1639254. PMID 1268492. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1639254/pdf/brmedj00512-0028a.pdf.
  10. ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1100. ISBN 978-1416031215.
  11. ↑ Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Aster, Jon (2009). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1148. ISBN 978-1416031215.
  12. ↑ Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 36. ISBN 978-0443069826.
  13. ↑ MUN. 24 November 2010.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/343629-overview. Accessed on: 14 November 2010.
  15. ↑ URL: http://www.endotext.org/neuroendo/neuroendo3/neuroendo3.html. Accessed on: 27 May 2010.
  16. ↑ Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 408. ISBN 978-0443069826.
  17. ↑ URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case177/dx.html. Accessed on: 8 January 2012.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Garnett, MR.; Puget, S.; Grill, J.; Sainte-Rose, C. (2007). "Craniopharyngioma.". Orphanet J Rare Dis 2: 18. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-18. PMID 17425791.
  19. ↑ Giangaspero, F.; Burger, PC.; Osborne, DR.; Stein, RB. (Jan 1984). "Suprasellar papillary squamous epithelioma ("papillary craniopharyngioma").". Am J Surg Pathol 8 (1): 57-64. PMID 6696166.
  20. ↑ Tadrous, Paul.J. Diagnostic Criteria Handbook in Histopathology: A Surgical Pathology Vade Mecum (1st ed.). Wiley. pp. 184. ISBN 978-0470519035.
  21. ↑ Perry, Arie; Brat, Daniel J. (2010). Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 406. ISBN 978-0443069826.
  22. ↑ URL: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/ENDO115.jpg. Accessed on: 6 December 2010.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Tzou SC, Lupi I, Landek M, et al. (July 2008). "Autoimmune hypophysitis of SJL mice: clinical insights from a new animal model". Endocrinology 149 (7): 3461–9. doi:10.1210/en.2007-1692. PMC 2453094. PMID 18388197. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2453094/.

External links

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