Difference between revisions of "Schwannoma"

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| Image      = Schwannoma - Antoni A and B - very high mag.jpg
| Image      = Schwannoma - Antoni A and B - very high mag.jpg
| Width      =
| Width      =
| Caption    = Schwannoma showing Antoni A and Antoni B areas. [[H&E stain]].
| Caption    = Schwannoma showing Antoni A and Antoni B areas. [[HPS stain]].
| Micro      = Antoni A areas (cellular, fibrillary, polar, elongated), Antoni B area (pauci-cellular, loose microcystic tissue), Verocay bodies (paucinuclear area surrounded by nuclei), hyaline thickened [[blood vessel]]s, thick capsule.
| Micro      = Antoni A areas (cellular, fibrillary, polar, elongated), Antoni B area (pauci-cellular, loose microcystic tissue), Verocay bodies (paucinuclear area surrounded by nuclei), hyaline thickened [[blood vessel]]s, thick capsule.
+/-peripheral lymphoid cuff (esp. GI tract)
+/-peripheral lymphoid cuff (esp. GI tract)
| Subtypes  = conventional schwannoma, cellular schwannoma, plexiform schwannoma, melanotic schwannoma
| Subtypes  = conventional schwannoma, cellular schwannoma, plexiform schwannoma, melanotic schwannoma
| LMDDx      = [[meningioma]], [[leiomyoma]], [[GIST]], [[intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma]]  
| LMDDx      = [[meningioma]], [[leiomyoma]], [[GIST]], [[intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma]], [[MPNST]], [[neurofibroma]], [[biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma]]  
| Stains    =
| Stains    =
| IHC        = S-100 +ve, EMA -ve, CD34 +ve
| IHC        = S-100 +ve, EMA -ve, CD34 +ve
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| Site      = [[soft tissue lesions|soft tissue]] - [[peripheral nerve sheath tumours]]
| Site      = [[soft tissue lesions|soft tissue]] - [[peripheral nerve sheath tumours]]
| Assdx      =
| Assdx      =
| Syndromes  = [[neurofibromatosis type 2]], [[Carney complex]] (psammomatous melanotic schwannoma)
| Syndromes  = [[neurofibromatosis type 2]], [[Carney complex]] (psammomatous melanotic schwannoma), schwannomatosis
| Clinicalhx =
| Clinicalhx =
| Signs      =
| Signs      =
Line 27: Line 27:
| Prognosis  = good
| Prognosis  = good
| Other      =
| Other      =
| ClinDDx    = [[meningioma]] - esp. at CP angle
| ClinDDx    = [[meningioma]] - esp. at [[cerebellopontine angle]]
}}
}}
'''Schwannoma''' is a relatively common [[peripheral nerve sheath tumour]].
'''Schwannoma''' is a relatively common [[peripheral nerve sheath tumour]].
At the [[cerebellopontine angle|cerebellopontine (CP) angle]], they may be referred to as ''acoustic neuroma'' or ''vestibular schwannoma''.


==General==
==General==
*A common [[neuropathology]] [[CNS tumours|tumour]] that occasionally shows-up elsewhere.
*A common [[neuropathology]] [[CNS tumours|tumour]] that occasionally shows-up elsewhere.
*Tumour of tissue surrounding a nerve.
*often encapsulated tumour of tissue surrounding a nerve.
**Axons adjacent to the tumour are normal... but may be compressed.
**Axons adjacent to the tumour are normal... but may be compressed.
*May be a part of [[neurofibromatosis type 2]].
*May be a part of [[neurofibromatosis type 2]].
*Occurs at all ages.
==Macro==
*Usu. encapsulated.
*Cystic.
*Yellow patches on white surface.
**Variable lipidization.


==Microscopic==
==Microscopic==
Line 45: Line 54:
**Pauci-cellular.
**Pauci-cellular.
**Loose microcystic tissue.
**Loose microcystic tissue.
*Verocay bodies - paucinuclear area surrounded by nuclei - '''diagnostic feature'''.
*Verocay bodies - paucinuclear area surrounded by clusters of nuclei - '''diagnostic feature'''.
*Hyaline thickened [[blood vessel]]s.
*Hyaline thickened [[blood vessel]]s.
*Thick capsule.
*Thick capsule.
*In the GI tract: classically have a ''peripheral lymphoid cuff''.<ref name=pmid15728600>{{cite journal |author=Levy AD, Quiles AM, Miettinen M, Sobin LH |title=Gastrointestinal schwannomas: CT features with clinicopathologic correlation |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=184 |issue=3 |pages=797–802 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15728600 |doi= |url=http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/full/184/3/797}}</ref>
*In the GI tract: classically have a ''peripheral lymphoid cuff''.<ref name=pmid15728600>{{cite journal |author=Levy AD, Quiles AM, Miettinen M, Sobin LH |title=Gastrointestinal schwannomas: CT features with clinicopathologic correlation |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=184 |issue=3 |pages=797–802 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15728600 |doi= |url=http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/full/184/3/797}}</ref>
*+/-Hemosiderin deposition within tumour.
*+/-Hemosiderin deposition within tumour.
*Reticulin stain +ve (around individual cells).


Notes:
Notes:
*Tumour does ''not'' smear well.<ref>MUN. 24 November 2010.</ref>
*Tumour does ''not'' smear well.<ref>MUN. 24 November 2010.</ref>
*Antoni A: may look somewhat like scattered matchsticks.
*Antoni A: may look somewhat like scattered matchsticks.
*Hybrid Schwannoma / [[Neurofibroma]] are overrepresented in hereditary conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Harder | first1 = A. | last2 = Wesemann | first2 = M. | last3 = Hagel | first3 = C. | last4 = Schittenhelm | first4 = J. | last5 = Fischer | first5 = S. | last6 = Tatagiba | first6 = M. | last7 = Nagel | first7 = C. | last8 = Jeibmann | first8 = A. | last9 = Bohring | first9 = A. | title = Hybrid neurofibroma/schwannoma is overrepresented among schwannomatosis and neurofibromatosis patients. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | pages = 702-9 | month = May | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e31824d3155 | PMID = 22446939 }}</ref>


DDx:
DDx:
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*[[Gastrointestinal stromal tumour]].
*[[Gastrointestinal stromal tumour]].
*[[MPNST]] - schwannoma with ancient change has no significant mitotic activity.<ref name=pmid17244372>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Chan | first1 = PT. | last2 = Tripathi | first2 = S. | last3 = Low | first3 = SE. | last4 = Robinson | first4 = LQ. | title = Case report--ancient schwannoma of the scrotum. | journal = BMC Urol | volume = 7 | issue =  | pages = 1 | month =  | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2490-7-1 | PMID = 17244372 }}</ref>
*[[MPNST]] - schwannoma with ancient change has no significant mitotic activity.<ref name=pmid17244372>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Chan | first1 = PT. | last2 = Tripathi | first2 = S. | last3 = Low | first3 = SE. | last4 = Robinson | first4 = LQ. | title = Case report--ancient schwannoma of the scrotum. | journal = BMC Urol | volume = 7 | issue =  | pages = 1 | month =  | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2490-7-1 | PMID = 17244372 }}</ref>
*[[Neurofibroma]].
*[[Biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma]] - head and neck.


===Images===
===Images===
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Schwannoma_-_Antoni_A_and_B_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Schwannoma - Antoni A & B - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Schwannoma_-_Antoni_A_and_B_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Schwannoma - Antoni A & B - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Schwannoma_-_Antoni_A_and_B_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Scwhannoma - Antoni A & B - very high mag. (WC)
Image:Schwannoma_-_Antoni_A_and_B_-_very_high_mag.jpg | Schwannoma - Antoni A & B - very high mag. (WC)
Image:Psammomatous_melanotic_schwannoma_-_high_mag.jpg | Psammomatous melanotic schwannoma - high mag. (WC)
File:Antoni a fibers schwannoma.jpg | Antoni-A pattern in cerebelloponine angle schwannoma. (WC/jensflorian)
File:Schwannoma 0023.jpg | Antoni-A pattern in cerebelloponine angle schwannoma.(WC/jensflorian)
Image:Nerve_root_schwannoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Nerve root schwannoma - intermed. mag. (WC)
Image:Nerve_root_schwannoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Nerve root schwannoma - intermed. mag. (WC)
File:Schwannoma, S-100 Immunostain (5203888371).jpg | S-100 immunostain in schwannoma. (WC/Ed Uthman)
</gallery>
</gallery>
www:
www:
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====Cellular schwannoma====
====Cellular schwannoma====
*May mimic [[MPNST]].
*May mimic [[MPNST]].
*Usu. <4 mitoses in 10 HPF (see [[HPFitis]]).
*Absence of Verocay bodies.
*Usu paravertebral location.


Images:  
Images:  
Line 109: Line 128:
Images:  
Images:  
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case387.html Psammomatous melanotic schwannoma - several images (upmc.edu)].
*[http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case387.html Psammomatous melanotic schwannoma - several images (upmc.edu)].
<gallery>
Image:Psammomatous_melanotic_schwannoma_-_high_mag.jpg | Psammomatous melanotic schwannoma - high mag. (WC)
</gallery>


==IHC==
==IHC==
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*Glut1 +ve.
*Glut1 +ve.
*CD34 +ve.
*CD34 +ve.
*Cytokeratins ~70% +ve.{{fact}}
*Cytokeratins ~70% +ve.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Fanburg-Smith | first1 = JC. | last2 = Majidi | first2 = M. | last3 = Miettinen | first3 = M. | title = Keratin expression in schwannoma; a study of 115 retroperitoneal and 22 peripheral schwannomas. | journal = Mod Pathol | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 115-21 | month = Jan | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.3800489 | PMID = 16357842 }}</ref>
*SOX10 +ve.<ref name=pmid18636017>{{cite journal |author=Nonaka D, Chiriboga L, Rubin BP |title=Sox10: a pan-schwannian and melanocytic marker |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=1291–8 |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=18636017 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181658c14 |url=}}</ref>  
*SOX10 +ve.<ref name=pmid18636017>{{cite journal |author=Nonaka D, Chiriboga L, Rubin BP |title=Sox10: a pan-schwannian and melanocytic marker |journal=Am. J. Surg. Pathol. |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=1291–8 |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=18636017 |doi=10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181658c14 |url=}}</ref>  
**-ve in [[synovial sarcoma]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[chondrosarcoma]].
**-ve in [[synovial sarcoma]], [[rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[chondrosarcoma]].
Line 121: Line 143:
**Usually +ve (~75% of the time) in meningiomas.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Rushing | first1 = EJ. | last2 = Bouffard | first2 = JP. | last3 = McCall | first3 = S. | last4 = Olsen | first4 = C. | last5 = Mena | first5 = H. | last6 = Sandberg | first6 = GD. | last7 = Thompson | first7 = LD. | title = Primary extracranial meningiomas: an analysis of 146 cases. | journal = Head Neck Pathol | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 116-30 | month = Jun | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1007/s12105-009-0118-1 | PMID = 19644540 }}
**Usually +ve (~75% of the time) in meningiomas.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Rushing | first1 = EJ. | last2 = Bouffard | first2 = JP. | last3 = McCall | first3 = S. | last4 = Olsen | first4 = C. | last5 = Mena | first5 = H. | last6 = Sandberg | first6 = GD. | last7 = Thompson | first7 = LD. | title = Primary extracranial meningiomas: an analysis of 146 cases. | journal = Head Neck Pathol | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 116-30 | month = Jun | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1007/s12105-009-0118-1 | PMID = 19644540 }}
</ref>
</ref>
Others:
*Beta-catenin +ve<ref name=pmid11813884>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hasegawa | first1 = M. | last2 = Muramatsu | first2 = N. | last3 = Tohma | first3 = Y. | last4 = Fukaya | first4 = K. | last5 = Fujisawa | first5 = H. | last6 = Hayashi | first6 = Y. | last7 = Tachibana | first7 = O. | last8 = Kida | first8 = S. | last9 = Yamashita | first9 = J. | title = Expression of E-cadherin-catenin complex in human benign schwannomas. | journal = Histol Histopathol | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 39-44 | month = Jan | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 11813884 }}</ref> -- not nuclear.<ref name=pmid17711447>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Carlson | first1 = JW. | last2 = Fletcher | first2 = CD. | title = Immunohistochemistry for beta-catenin in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell lesions: analysis of a series and review of the literature. | journal = Histopathology | volume = 51 | issue = 4 | pages = 509-14 | month = Oct | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02794.x | PMID = 17711447 }}</ref>
==Molecular==
Overview: <ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Agnihotri | first1 = S. | last2 = Jalali | first2 = S. | last3 = Wilson | first3 = MR. | last4 = Danesh | first4 = A. | last5 = Li | first5 = M. | last6 = Klironomos | first6 = G. | last7 = Krieger | first7 = JR. | last8 = Mansouri | first8 = A. | last9 = Khan | first9 = O. | title = The genomic landscape of schwannoma. | journal = Nat Genet | volume = 48 | issue = 11 | pages = 1339-1348 | month = 11 | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1038/ng.3688 | PMID = 27723760 }}</ref>
* Most common: NF2 (in Vestibular Schwannoma up to84%).
* less common: ARID1A, ARID1B, DDR, TSC1, TSC2, CDC27 and USP8.
* SH3PXD2A-HTRA1 fusions (10%).
*INI1 mosaic pattern in familiar schwannomatosis.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Caltabiano | first1 = R. | last2 = Magro | first2 = G. | last3 = Polizzi | first3 = A. | last4 = Praticò | first4 = AD. | last5 = Ortensi | first5 = A. | last6 = D'Orazi | first6 = V. | last7 = Panunzi | first7 = A. | last8 = Milone | first8 = P. | last9 = Maiolino | first9 = L. | title = A mosaic pattern of INI1/SMARCB1 protein expression distinguishes Schwannomatosis and NF2-associated peripheral schwannomas from solitary peripheral schwannomas and NF2-associated vestibular schwannomas. | journal = Childs Nerv Syst | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 933-940 | month = Jun | year = 2017 | doi = 10.1007/s00381-017-3340-2 | PMID = 28365909 }}</ref>
* LZTR1-associated vestibular schwannomas.<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Evans | first1 = DG. | last2 = Bowers | first2 = NL. | last3 = Tobi | first3 = S. | last4 = Hartley | first4 = C. | last5 = Wallace | first5 = AJ. | last6 = King | first6 = AT. | last7 = Lloyd | first7 = SKW. | last8 = Rutherford | first8 = SA. | last9 = Hammerbeck-Ward | first9 = C. | title = Schwannomatosis: a genetic and epidemiological study. | journal = J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry | volume =  | issue =  | pages =  | month = Jun | year = 2018 | doi = 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318538 | PMID = 29909380 }}</ref>
Molecular subgroups:<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Agnihotri | first1 = S. | last2 = Jalali | first2 = S. | last3 = Wilson | first3 = MR. | last4 = Danesh | first4 = A. | last5 = Li | first5 = M. | last6 = Klironomos | first6 = G. | last7 = Krieger | first7 = JR. | last8 = Mansouri | first8 = A. | last9 = Khan | first9 = O. | title = The genomic landscape of schwannoma. | journal = Nat Genet | volume = 48 | issue = 11 | pages = 1339-1348 | month = 11 | year = 2016 | doi = 10.1038/ng.3688 | PMID = 27723760 }}</ref>
*Group 1: vestibular (has significant higher rate of 22q loss).
*Group 2: spinal.
==Sign out==
<pre>
Lesion, Right Ulnar Nerve, Excision:
    - Schwannoma.
</pre>
===Block letters===
<pre>
LESION, LEFT ANTERIOR TIBIA, EXCISION:
- SCHWANNOMA.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.
</pre>
===Micro===
The sections show a soft tissue spindle cell lesion, with cellular fibrillary areas (Antoni A) and pauci-cellular microcystic areas (Antoni B). There are also pauci-nuclear areas surrounded by clusters of nuclei (Verocay bodies).  Thick hyaline blood vessels are present within the lesion. There is no apparent nuclear atypia.  Mitotic activity is not readily apparent.  No nerve is seen adjacent to the lesion. The lesion is partially encapsulated by fibrous tissue. Focally, ink is seen on the lesional cells.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 130: Line 185:
[[Category:Peripheral nerve sheath tumours]]
[[Category:Peripheral nerve sheath tumours]]
[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Diagnosis]]
[[Category:Neuropathology tumours]]

Latest revision as of 09:55, 27 June 2022

Schwannoma
Diagnosis in short

Schwannoma showing Antoni A and Antoni B areas. HPS stain.
LM

Antoni A areas (cellular, fibrillary, polar, elongated), Antoni B area (pauci-cellular, loose microcystic tissue), Verocay bodies (paucinuclear area surrounded by nuclei), hyaline thickened blood vessels, thick capsule.

+/-peripheral lymphoid cuff (esp. GI tract)
Subtypes conventional schwannoma, cellular schwannoma, plexiform schwannoma, melanotic schwannoma
LM DDx meningioma, leiomyoma, GIST, intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma, MPNST, neurofibroma, biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma
IHC S-100 +ve, EMA -ve, CD34 +ve
Site soft tissue - peripheral nerve sheath tumours
Syndromes neurofibromatosis type 2, Carney complex (psammomatous melanotic schwannoma), schwannomatosis
Prevalence common
Prognosis good
Clin. DDx meningioma - esp. at cerebellopontine angle

Schwannoma is a relatively common peripheral nerve sheath tumour.

At the cerebellopontine (CP) angle, they may be referred to as acoustic neuroma or vestibular schwannoma.

General

  • A common neuropathology tumour that occasionally shows-up elsewhere.
  • often encapsulated tumour of tissue surrounding a nerve.
    • Axons adjacent to the tumour are normal... but may be compressed.
  • May be a part of neurofibromatosis type 2.
  • Occurs at all ages.

Macro

  • Usu. encapsulated.
  • Cystic.
  • Yellow patches on white surface.
    • Variable lipidization.

Microscopic

Features:[1]

  • Antoni A:
    • Cellular.
    • 'Fibrillary, polar, elongated'.
  • Antoni B:
    • Pauci-cellular.
    • Loose microcystic tissue.
  • Verocay bodies - paucinuclear area surrounded by clusters of nuclei - diagnostic feature.
  • Hyaline thickened blood vessels.
  • Thick capsule.
  • In the GI tract: classically have a peripheral lymphoid cuff.[2]
  • +/-Hemosiderin deposition within tumour.
  • Reticulin stain +ve (around individual cells).

Notes:

  • Tumour does not smear well.[3]
  • Antoni A: may look somewhat like scattered matchsticks.
  • Hybrid Schwannoma / Neurofibroma are overrepresented in hereditary conditions.[4]


DDx:

Images

  • Schwannoma - Antoni A & B - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • Schwannoma - Antoni A & B - very high mag. (WC)

  • Antoni-A pattern in cerebelloponine angle schwannoma. (WC/jensflorian)

  • Antoni-A pattern in cerebelloponine angle schwannoma.(WC/jensflorian)

  • Nerve root schwannoma - intermed. mag. (WC)

  • S-100 immunostain in schwannoma. (WC/Ed Uthman)

www:

Schwannoma subtypes

There are four:[6]

  1. Conventional schwannoma.
  2. Cellular schwannoma.
  3. Plexiform schwannoma.
  4. Melanotic schwannoma.

Conventional schwannoma

  • Most common.

Cellular schwannoma

  • May mimic MPNST.
  • Usu. <4 mitoses in 10 HPF (see HPFitis).
  • Absence of Verocay bodies.
  • Usu paravertebral location.

Images:

Plexiform schwannoma

  • May mimic MPNST if cellular - esp. in childhood.

Images:

  • Plexiform schwannoma - low mag. (WC)

  • Plexiform schwannoma - high mag. (WC)

Melanotic schwannoma

  • May be confused with melanoma.
  • Psammomatous form (psammomatous melanotic schwannoma) associated with a heritable disorder (Carney complex).

Note:

  • Carney complex:[6]
    • Cutaneous lentigines.
    • Myxomas (skin (subcutaneous), subcutanous, heart).
    • Endocrine neoplasms.

Images:

  • Psammomatous melanotic schwannoma - high mag. (WC)

IHC

Features:[7]

Others:

  • Beta-catenin +ve[11] -- not nuclear.[12]

Molecular

Overview: [13]

  • Most common: NF2 (in Vestibular Schwannoma up to84%).
  • less common: ARID1A, ARID1B, DDR, TSC1, TSC2, CDC27 and USP8.
  • SH3PXD2A-HTRA1 fusions (10%).
  • INI1 mosaic pattern in familiar schwannomatosis.[14]
  • LZTR1-associated vestibular schwannomas.[15]


Molecular subgroups:[16]

  • Group 1: vestibular (has significant higher rate of 22q loss).
  • Group 2: spinal.

Sign out

Lesion, Right Ulnar Nerve, Excision:
     - Schwannoma.

Block letters

LESION, LEFT ANTERIOR TIBIA, EXCISION:
- SCHWANNOMA.
- NEGATIVE FOR MALIGNANCY.

Micro

The sections show a soft tissue spindle cell lesion, with cellular fibrillary areas (Antoni A) and pauci-cellular microcystic areas (Antoni B). There are also pauci-nuclear areas surrounded by clusters of nuclei (Verocay bodies). Thick hyaline blood vessels are present within the lesion. There is no apparent nuclear atypia. Mitotic activity is not readily apparent. No nerve is seen adjacent to the lesion. The lesion is partially encapsulated by fibrous tissue. Focally, ink is seen on the lesional cells.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wippold FJ, Lubner M, Perrin RJ, Lämmle M, Perry A (October 2007). "Neuropathology for the neuroradiologist: Antoni A and Antoni B tissue patterns". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28 (9): 1633–8. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A0682. PMID 17893219. http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/reprint/28/9/1633.
  2. ↑ Levy AD, Quiles AM, Miettinen M, Sobin LH (March 2005). "Gastrointestinal schwannomas: CT features with clinicopathologic correlation". AJR Am J Roentgenol 184 (3): 797–802. PMID 15728600. http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/content/full/184/3/797.
  3. ↑ MUN. 24 November 2010.
  4. ↑ Harder, A.; Wesemann, M.; Hagel, C.; Schittenhelm, J.; Fischer, S.; Tatagiba, M.; Nagel, C.; Jeibmann, A. et al. (May 2012). "Hybrid neurofibroma/schwannoma is overrepresented among schwannomatosis and neurofibromatosis patients.". Am J Surg Pathol 36 (5): 702-9. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31824d3155. PMID 22446939.
  5. ↑ Chan, PT.; Tripathi, S.; Low, SE.; Robinson, LQ. (2007). "Case report--ancient schwannoma of the scrotum.". BMC Urol 7: 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2490-7-1. PMID 17244372.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kurtkaya-Yapicier O, Scheithauer B, Woodruff JM (July 2003). "The pathobiologic spectrum of Schwannomas". Histol. Histopathol. 18 (3): 925–34. PMID 12792904.
  7. ↑ Hirose T, Tani T, Shimada T, Ishizawa K, Shimada S, Sano T (April 2003). "Immunohistochemical demonstration of EMA/Glut1-positive perineurial cells and CD34-positive fibroblastic cells in peripheral nerve sheath tumors". Mod. Pathol. 16 (4): 293–8. doi:10.1097/01.MP.0000062654.83617.B7. PMID 12692193. http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v16/n4/full/3880761a.html.
  8. ↑ Fanburg-Smith, JC.; Majidi, M.; Miettinen, M. (Jan 2006). "Keratin expression in schwannoma; a study of 115 retroperitoneal and 22 peripheral schwannomas.". Mod Pathol 19 (1): 115-21. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800489. PMID 16357842.
  9. ↑ Nonaka D, Chiriboga L, Rubin BP (September 2008). "Sox10: a pan-schwannian and melanocytic marker". Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 32 (9): 1291–8. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181658c14. PMID 18636017.
  10. ↑ Rushing, EJ.; Bouffard, JP.; McCall, S.; Olsen, C.; Mena, H.; Sandberg, GD.; Thompson, LD. (Jun 2009). "Primary extracranial meningiomas: an analysis of 146 cases.". Head Neck Pathol 3 (2): 116-30. doi:10.1007/s12105-009-0118-1. PMID 19644540.
  11. ↑ Hasegawa, M.; Muramatsu, N.; Tohma, Y.; Fukaya, K.; Fujisawa, H.; Hayashi, Y.; Tachibana, O.; Kida, S. et al. (Jan 2002). "Expression of E-cadherin-catenin complex in human benign schwannomas.". Histol Histopathol 17 (1): 39-44. PMID 11813884.
  12. ↑ Carlson, JW.; Fletcher, CD. (Oct 2007). "Immunohistochemistry for beta-catenin in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell lesions: analysis of a series and review of the literature.". Histopathology 51 (4): 509-14. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02794.x. PMID 17711447.
  13. ↑ Agnihotri, S.; Jalali, S.; Wilson, MR.; Danesh, A.; Li, M.; Klironomos, G.; Krieger, JR.; Mansouri, A. et al. (11 2016). "The genomic landscape of schwannoma.". Nat Genet 48 (11): 1339-1348. doi:10.1038/ng.3688. PMID 27723760.
  14. ↑ Caltabiano, R.; Magro, G.; Polizzi, A.; Praticò, AD.; Ortensi, A.; D'Orazi, V.; Panunzi, A.; Milone, P. et al. (Jun 2017). "A mosaic pattern of INI1/SMARCB1 protein expression distinguishes Schwannomatosis and NF2-associated peripheral schwannomas from solitary peripheral schwannomas and NF2-associated vestibular schwannomas.". Childs Nerv Syst 33 (6): 933-940. doi:10.1007/s00381-017-3340-2. PMID 28365909.
  15. ↑ Evans, DG.; Bowers, NL.; Tobi, S.; Hartley, C.; Wallace, AJ.; King, AT.; Lloyd, SKW.; Rutherford, SA. et al. (Jun 2018). "Schwannomatosis: a genetic and epidemiological study.". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2018-318538. PMID 29909380.
  16. ↑ Agnihotri, S.; Jalali, S.; Wilson, MR.; Danesh, A.; Li, M.; Klironomos, G.; Krieger, JR.; Mansouri, A. et al. (11 2016). "The genomic landscape of schwannoma.". Nat Genet 48 (11): 1339-1348. doi:10.1038/ng.3688. PMID 27723760.
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