Difference between revisions of "Uterine tubes"

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'''Uterine tubes''', aka '''Fallopian tubes''', serve as a connection the [[ovary]] and [[uterus]].  It is where fertilization usually takes place.
[[Image:Normal Fallopian Tube, Human (2760475010).jpg|thumb|Cross section of a Fallopian tube with decidualization. [[H&E stain]]. (WC/euthman)]]
'''Uterine tubes''', also known as the '''Fallopian tubes''', serve as a connection between the [[ovary|ovaries]] and the [[uterus]].  It is where fertilization usually takes place.


This was ignored in the past... current thinking is that it may be the real culprit in what is often labeled as "ovarian cancer".<ref name=pmid19574767>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hirst | first1 = JE. | last2 = Gard | first2 = GB. | last3 = McIllroy | first3 = K. | last4 = Nevell | first4 = D. | last5 = Field | first5 = M. | title = High rates of occult fallopian tube cancer diagnosed at prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. | journal = Int J Gynecol Cancer | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 826-9 | month = Jul | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1111/IGC.0b013e3181a1b5dc | PMID = 19574767 }}</ref>
This was ignored in the past... current thinking is that it may be the real culprit in what is often labeled as "[[ovarian cancer]]".<ref name=pmid19574767>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hirst | first1 = JE. | last2 = Gard | first2 = GB. | last3 = McIllroy | first3 = K. | last4 = Nevell | first4 = D. | last5 = Field | first5 = M. | title = High rates of occult fallopian tube cancer diagnosed at prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. | journal = Int J Gynecol Cancer | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 826-9 | month = Jul | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1111/IGC.0b013e3181a1b5dc | PMID = 19574767 }}</ref>


==Normal==
=Normal uterine tube=
Architecture:
*Finger-like projections into the lumen.
*Finger-like projections into the lumen.
*Cilia.
*Have ''peg cells''...


Cells:
#Ciliated cell.
#*Columnar.
#*Eosinophilic cytoplasm.
#Non-ciliated cell ([[AKA]] Peg cell).
#*Nucleus more luminal.
#**Nuclei stick-out like a golf tee.
#Secretory cells. (???)
#*Basal cells, fried egg-like.
See also:
*[[Walthard cell rest]].
===Images===
www:
*[http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/ampovidw.jpg Fallopian tube (une.edu)].<ref>URL: [http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3f.htm http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3f.htm]. Accessed on: 18 October 2011.</ref>
*[http://medpics.ucsd.edu/index.cfm?curpage=image&course=hist&mode=browse&lesson=37&img=669 Fallopian tube (medpics.ucsd.edu)].
*[http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/18_09.jpg Uterine tube - cells (ouhsc.edu)].
*[http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/18_10.jpg Uterine tube - wall (ouhsc.edu)].
=Overview=
===Benign lesions===
*[[Paratubal cyst]].
*[[Salpingitis isthmica nodosa]].
*[[Endometriosis]].
===Benign neoplasm===
*[[Adenomatoid tumour]].
===Pre-malignant===
*[[Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma]] (STIC).
===Malignant diagnoses===
*Serous carcinoma.
*Endometrioid adenocarcinoma.<ref name=pmid8946874>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Navani | first1 = SS. | last2 = Alvarado-Cabrero | first2 = I. | last3 = Young | first3 = RH. | last4 = Scully | first4 = RE. | title = Endometrioid carcinoma of the fallopian tube: a clinicopathologic analysis of 26 cases. | journal = Gynecol Oncol | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages = 371-8 | month = Dec | year = 1996 | doi = 10.1006/gyno.1996.0338 | PMID = 8946874 }}</ref>
=Ditzels=
{{Main|Ditzels}}
==Paratubal cyst==
*Also known as ''Hydatid cyst of Morgagni'' and ''Hydatid of Morgagni''.
===General===
*Very common.
*May lead to ovarian torsion if very large.<ref name=pmid22840942>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Thakore | first1 = SS. | last2 = Chun | first2 = MJ. | last3 = Fitzpatrick | first3 = K. | title = Recurrent ovarian torsion due to paratubal cysts in an adolescent female. | journal = J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = e85-7 | month = Aug | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.10.012 | PMID = 22840942 }}
</ref>
*Associated with [[obesity]].<ref>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Muolokwu | first1 = E. | last2 = Sanchez | first2 = J. | last3 = Bercaw | first3 = JL. | last4 = Sangi-Haghpeykar | first4 = H. | last5 = Banszek | first5 = T. | last6 = Brandt | first6 = ML. | last7 = Dietrich | first7 = JE. | title = Paratubal cysts, obesity, and hyperandrogenism. | journal = J Pediatr Surg | volume = 46 | issue = 11 | pages = 2164-7 | month = Nov | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.011 | PMID = 22075351 }}</ref>
===Gross===
*Thin walled-cyst with serous fluid.
===Microscopic===
Features:
*Simple cyst with ciliated (tubal) epithelium.
===Sign out===
<pre>
PARATUBAL CYST, RIGHT, EXCISION:
- BENIGN SIMPLE CYST.
</pre>
====No epithelium====
<pre>
PARATUBAL CYST, LEFT, EXCISION:
- BENIGN FIBROUS TISSUE COMPATIBLE WITH CYST WALL.
</pre>
==Tubal ligation==
*Abbreviated ''TL''.
===General===
*Done to control fertility.
===Microscopic===
See ''normal uterine tube''.
DDx:
*[[Salpingitis]] - inflammatory cells.
*[[Serous carcinoma]] - nuclear atypia (marked), nuclear pleomorphism, prominent nucleoli.
*[[Tubal intraepithelial carcinoma]] - discrete papillary growth, loss of nuclear polarity, nuclear atypia.
*[[Endometriosis]].
===Sign out===
====Left then right====
<pre>
A. Fallopian Tube, Left, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.
B. Fallopian Tube, Right, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.
</pre>
<pre>
A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.
B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.
</pre>
<pre>
A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
</pre>
====Right then left====
<pre>
A. Fallopian Tube, Right, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.
B. Fallopian Tube, Left, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.
</pre>
<pre>
A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.
B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.
</pre>
<pre>
A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
</pre>
====Both in one container====
<pre>
Submitted as "Fallopian Tubes Right and Left", Tubal Ligation:
    - Pieces of Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with
      complete cross sections.
</pre>
<pre>
Submitted as "Fallopian Tubes Right and Left", Partial Excision:
    - Pieces of Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with
      complete cross sections and fibril ends.
</pre>
=====Incomplete cross sections at microscopy=====
<pre>
Submitted as "Right and Left Fallopian Tubes", Tubal Ligation:
    - Fallopian tubes within normal limits, incomplete cross sections
      seen at microscopy; clinical correlation is suggested.
</pre>
=====Mild inflammation=====
<pre>
Submitted as "Fallopian Tubes Right and Left", Tubal Ligation:
    - Pieces of Fallopian tube with mild inflammation otherwise within
      normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.
</pre>
====Surgical resection of previous tubal ligation====
<pre>
LEFT FALLOPIAN TUBE AND OVARY, LEFT SALPINGO-OOPHORECTOMY:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITH PARATUBAL CYSTS AND FOCAL FIBROSIS.
- OVARY WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.
</pre>
====Tubes with fimbria====
<pre>
Submitted as "Right and Left Fallopian Tube Segments", Excision:
    - Fallopian tubes with fimbria within normal limits; complete cross sections seen.
</pre>
=Specific diagnoses=
==Salpingitis==
==Salpingitis==
:Also ''suppurative salpingitis''.
:Also ''granulomatous salpingitis''.
===General===
===General===
*Benign.
*Benign.
Line 18: Line 191:
**Neutrophils = acute.
**Neutrophils = acute.
**Lymphocytes and plasma cells = chronic.
**Lymphocytes and plasma cells = chronic.
*+/-[[Granulomas]].
*+/-[[Granulomas]]; known as ''granulomatous salpingitis''.
*+/-Clusters of neutrophils = abscess; known as ''suppurative salpingitis''.
 
====Images====
<gallery>
File:Salpingitis_-_low_mag.jpg | Salpingitis - low mag. (WC)
File:Salpingitis_-_high_mag.jpg | Salpingitis - high mag. (WC)
File:Granulomatous_salpingitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg | Granulomatous salpingitis - intermed mag. (WC)
File:Granulomatous_salpingitis_-_high_mag.jpg | Granulomatous salpingitis - high mag. (WC)
</gallery>
===Stains===
If organisms are seen on routine stains:
*Gram stain +ve/-ve.
 
Granulomatous inflammation:
*[[Ziehl-Neelsen stain]] +ve/-ve.
*[[GMS stain]] +ve/-ve.
*[[PASD stain]] +ve/-ve.


Images:
==Ectopic pregnancy==
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salpingitis_-_low_mag.jpg Salpingitis - low mag. (WC)].
{{Main|Ectopic pregnancy}}
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salpingitis_-_high_mag.jpg Salpingitis - high mag. (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Granulomatous_salpingitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg Granulomatous salpingitis - intermed mag. (WC)].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Granulomatous_salpingitis_-_high_mag.jpg Granulomatous salpingitis - high mag. (WC)].


==Adenofibroma==
==Adenofibroma==
Line 47: Line 234:


==Salpingitis isthmica nodosa==
==Salpingitis isthmica nodosa==
*Abbreviated ''SIN''.
*[[AKA]] ''adenosalpingitis'',<ref>Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 27th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref> and ''diverticulosis of the Fallopian tubes''.<ref>URL: [http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iv_2/s/salpingitis_isthmica_nodosa.aspx http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iv_2/s/salpingitis_isthmica_nodosa.aspx]. Accessed on: 28 July 2010.</ref>
===General===
===General===
*[[AKA]] ''adenosalpingitis'',<ref>Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 27th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref> and ''diverticulosis of the Fallopian tubes''.<ref>URL: [http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iv_2/s/salpingitis_isthmica_nodosa.aspx http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iv_2/s/salpingitis_isthmica_nodosa.aspx]. Accessed on: 28 July 2010.</ref>
*Associated with infertility and [[ectopic pregnancy]].<ref name=pmid8405510>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Jenkins | first1 = CS. | last2 = Williams | first2 = SR. | last3 = Schmidt | first3 = GE. | title = Salpingitis isthmica nodosa: a review of the literature, discussion of clinical significance, and consideration of patient management. | journal = Fertil Steril | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | pages = 599-607 | month = Oct | year = 1993 | doi =  | PMID = 8405510 }}</ref>
*Abbreviated ''SIN''.
*SIN is uncommonly bilateral.<ref name=pmid1757522>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Skibsted | first1 = L. | last2 = Sperling | first2 = L. | last3 = Hansen | first3 = U. | last4 = Hertz | first4 = J. | title = Salpingitis isthmica nodosa in female infertility and tubal diseases. | journal = Hum Reprod | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = 828-31 | month = Jul | year = 1991 | doi =  | PMID = 1757522 }}</ref>
*Associated with infertility and ectopic pregnancy.<ref name=pmid8405510>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Jenkins | first1 = CS. | last2 = Williams | first2 = SR. | last3 = Schmidt | first3 = GE. | title = Salpingitis isthmica nodosa: a review of the literature, discussion of clinical significance, and consideration of patient management. | journal = Fertil Steril | volume = 60 | issue = 4 | pages = 599-607 | month = Oct | year = 1993 | doi =  | PMID = 8405510 }}
</ref>


Diagnosis (clinical):
Diagnosis (clinical):
*hysterosalpingography.<ref>URL: [http://radiology.rsna.org/content/154/3/597.abstract http://radiology.rsna.org/content/154/3/597.abstract]. Accessed on: 28 July 2010.</ref>
*Hysterosalpingography.<ref>URL: [http://radiology.rsna.org/content/154/3/597.abstract http://radiology.rsna.org/content/154/3/597.abstract]. Accessed on: 28 July 2010.</ref>
**Finding: diverticula.
 
Notes:
*The male cousin of this is: ''[[vasitis nodosa]]''.


===Microscopic===
===Microscopic===
Line 61: Line 252:
*Cystically dilated glands.  
*Cystically dilated glands.  
*+/-Complete obliteration of tubal lumen.
*+/-Complete obliteration of tubal lumen.
Images:
*[[WC]]:
**[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salpingitis_isthmica_nodosa_-_very_low_mag.jpg SIN - very low mag. (WC)].
*www:
**[http://www.pathologypics.com/PictView.aspx?ID=234 SIN (pathologypics.com)].


==Adenomatoid tumour==
==Adenomatoid tumour==
Line 70: Line 267:
See: ''[[Uterine_tumours#Adenomatoid_tumour|Adenomatoid tumours (uterine tumours)]]''.
See: ''[[Uterine_tumours#Adenomatoid_tumour|Adenomatoid tumours (uterine tumours)]]''.


==See also==
==Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma==
*Abbreviated ''STIC''.<ref name=pmid21989347>{{Cite journal  | last1 = Visvanathan | first1 = K. | last2 = Vang | first2 = R. | last3 = Shaw | first3 = P. | last4 = Gross | first4 = A. | last5 = Soslow | first5 = R. | last6 = Parkash | first6 = V. | last7 = Shih | first7 = IeM. | last8 = Kurman | first8 = RJ. | title = Diagnosis of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma based on morphologic and immunohistochemical features: a reproducibility study. | journal = Am J Surg Pathol | volume = 35 | issue = 12 | pages = 1766-75 | month = Dec | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1097/PAS.0b013e31822f58bc | PMID = 21989347 }}</ref>
*[[AKA]] ''tubal intraepithelial carcinoma''.
{{Main|Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma}}
 
==Serous carcinoma of the fallopian tube==
{{Main|Serous carcinoma of the fallopian tube}}
 
=See also=
*[[Gynecologic pathology]].
*[[Gynecologic pathology]].
*[[Ovary]].
*[[Ovary]].


==References==
=References=
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Gynecologic pathology]]
[[Category:Gynecologic pathology]]
[[Category:Uterine tubes]]

Latest revision as of 05:11, 4 November 2024

Cross section of a Fallopian tube with decidualization. H&E stain. (WC/euthman)

Uterine tubes, also known as the Fallopian tubes, serve as a connection between the ovaries and the uterus. It is where fertilization usually takes place.

This was ignored in the past... current thinking is that it may be the real culprit in what is often labeled as "ovarian cancer".[1]

Normal uterine tube

Architecture:

  • Finger-like projections into the lumen.

Cells:

  1. Ciliated cell.
    • Columnar.
    • Eosinophilic cytoplasm.
  2. Non-ciliated cell (AKA Peg cell).
    • Nucleus more luminal.
      • Nuclei stick-out like a golf tee.
  3. Secretory cells. (???)
    • Basal cells, fried egg-like.

See also:

Images

www:

Overview

Benign lesions

Benign neoplasm

Pre-malignant

Malignant diagnoses

  • Serous carcinoma.
  • Endometrioid adenocarcinoma.[3]

Ditzels

Main article: Ditzels

Paratubal cyst

  • Also known as Hydatid cyst of Morgagni and Hydatid of Morgagni.

General

  • Very common.
  • May lead to ovarian torsion if very large.[4]
  • Associated with obesity.[5]

Gross

  • Thin walled-cyst with serous fluid.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Simple cyst with ciliated (tubal) epithelium.

Sign out

PARATUBAL CYST, RIGHT, EXCISION:
- BENIGN SIMPLE CYST.

No epithelium

PARATUBAL CYST, LEFT, EXCISION:
- BENIGN FIBROUS TISSUE COMPATIBLE WITH CYST WALL.

Tubal ligation

  • Abbreviated TL.

General

  • Done to control fertility.

Microscopic

See normal uterine tube.

DDx:

Sign out

Left then right

A. Fallopian Tube, Left, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.

B. Fallopian Tube, Right, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.

A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.

B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.

A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

Right then left

A. Fallopian Tube, Right, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.

B. Fallopian Tube, Left, Tubal Ligation:
- Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.

A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.

B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS, CONSISTENT WITH COMPLETE CROSS SECTIONS.

A. FALLOPIAN TUBE, RIGHT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

B. FALLOPIAN TUBE, LEFT, TUBAL LIGATION:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

Both in one container

Submitted as "Fallopian Tubes Right and Left", Tubal Ligation:
     - Pieces of Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with 
       complete cross sections.

Submitted as "Fallopian Tubes Right and Left", Partial Excision: 
     - Pieces of Fallopian tube within normal limits, consistent with 
       complete cross sections and fibril ends.
Incomplete cross sections at microscopy
Submitted as "Right and Left Fallopian Tubes", Tubal Ligation: 
     - Fallopian tubes within normal limits, incomplete cross sections 
       seen at microscopy; clinical correlation is suggested.
Mild inflammation
Submitted as "Fallopian Tubes Right and Left", Tubal Ligation: 
     - Pieces of Fallopian tube with mild inflammation otherwise within 
       normal limits, consistent with complete cross sections.

Surgical resection of previous tubal ligation

LEFT FALLOPIAN TUBE AND OVARY, LEFT SALPINGO-OOPHORECTOMY:
- FALLOPIAN TUBE WITH PARATUBAL CYSTS AND FOCAL FIBROSIS.
- OVARY WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS.

Tubes with fimbria

Submitted as "Right and Left Fallopian Tube Segments", Excision:
     - Fallopian tubes with fimbria within normal limits; complete cross sections seen.

Specific diagnoses

Salpingitis

Also suppurative salpingitis.
Also granulomatous salpingitis.

General

  • Benign.
  • May be part of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Microscopic

Features:

  • Inflammatory cells:
    • Neutrophils = acute.
    • Lymphocytes and plasma cells = chronic.
  • +/-Granulomas; known as granulomatous salpingitis.
  • +/-Clusters of neutrophils = abscess; known as suppurative salpingitis.

Images

  • Salpingitis - low mag. (WC)

  • Salpingitis - high mag. (WC)

  • Granulomatous salpingitis - intermed mag. (WC)

  • Granulomatous salpingitis - high mag. (WC)

Stains

If organisms are seen on routine stains:

  • Gram stain +ve/-ve.

Granulomatous inflammation:

Ectopic pregnancy

Main article: Ectopic pregnancy

Adenofibroma

General

  • Rare.[6]
    • More frequently seen than in the past -- presumably as pathologists are looking more closely at the Fallopian tube.
  • Cannot be disguished from ovarian adenofibroma.[6]

Gross

  • Solid, nodular.

Microscopic

Features:[6]

  • Stroma + glandular elements.
    • Glandular elements: secretory cells and ciliated cells.

IHC

Features:

  • Stroma:[6]
    • CD10 +ve.
    • Inhibin +ve.

Salpingitis isthmica nodosa

  • Abbreviated SIN.
  • AKA adenosalpingitis,[7] and diverticulosis of the Fallopian tubes.[8]

General

Diagnosis (clinical):

  • Hysterosalpingography.[11]
    • Finding: diverticula.

Notes:

Microscopic

Features:[12]

  • Nodular thickening of the tunica muscularis of the isthmic portion.
  • Cystically dilated glands.
  • +/-Complete obliteration of tubal lumen.

Images:

Adenomatoid tumour

See: Adenomatoid tumours (uterine tumours).

General

  • Relatively common tumour of the fallopian tube.[13]

Microscopic

See: Adenomatoid tumours (uterine tumours).

Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma

  • Abbreviated STIC.[14]
  • AKA tubal intraepithelial carcinoma.
Main article: Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma

Serous carcinoma of the fallopian tube

Main article: Serous carcinoma of the fallopian tube

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hirst, JE.; Gard, GB.; McIllroy, K.; Nevell, D.; Field, M. (Jul 2009). "High rates of occult fallopian tube cancer diagnosed at prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.". Int J Gynecol Cancer 19 (5): 826-9. doi:10.1111/IGC.0b013e3181a1b5dc. PMID 19574767.
  2. ↑ URL: http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3f.htm. Accessed on: 18 October 2011.
  3. ↑ Navani, SS.; Alvarado-Cabrero, I.; Young, RH.; Scully, RE. (Dec 1996). "Endometrioid carcinoma of the fallopian tube: a clinicopathologic analysis of 26 cases.". Gynecol Oncol 63 (3): 371-8. doi:10.1006/gyno.1996.0338. PMID 8946874.
  4. ↑ Thakore, SS.; Chun, MJ.; Fitzpatrick, K. (Aug 2012). "Recurrent ovarian torsion due to paratubal cysts in an adolescent female.". J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 25 (4): e85-7. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2011.10.012. PMID 22840942.
  5. ↑ Muolokwu, E.; Sanchez, J.; Bercaw, JL.; Sangi-Haghpeykar, H.; Banszek, T.; Brandt, ML.; Dietrich, JE. (Nov 2011). "Paratubal cysts, obesity, and hyperandrogenism.". J Pediatr Surg 46 (11): 2164-7. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.011. PMID 22075351.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Bossuyt, V.; Medeiros, F.; Drapkin, R.; Folkins, AK.; Crum, CP.; Nucci, MR. (Jul 2008). "Adenofibroma of the fimbria: a common entity that is indistinguishable from ovarian adenofibroma.". Int J Gynecol Pathol 27 (3): 390-7. doi:10.1097/PGP.0b013e3181639a82. PMID 18580316.
  7. ↑ Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 27th Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  8. ↑ URL: http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_iv_2/s/salpingitis_isthmica_nodosa.aspx. Accessed on: 28 July 2010.
  9. ↑ Jenkins, CS.; Williams, SR.; Schmidt, GE. (Oct 1993). "Salpingitis isthmica nodosa: a review of the literature, discussion of clinical significance, and consideration of patient management.". Fertil Steril 60 (4): 599-607. PMID 8405510.
  10. ↑ Skibsted, L.; Sperling, L.; Hansen, U.; Hertz, J. (Jul 1991). "Salpingitis isthmica nodosa in female infertility and tubal diseases.". Hum Reprod 6 (6): 828-31. PMID 1757522.
  11. ↑ URL: http://radiology.rsna.org/content/154/3/597.abstract. Accessed on: 28 July 2010.
  12. ↑ Chawla, N.; Kudesia, S.; Azad, S.; Singhal, M.; Rai, SM.. "Salpingitis isthmica nodosa.". Indian J Pathol Microbiol 52 (3): 434-5. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.55019. PMID 19679986.
  13. ↑ Christensen C (1990). "Adenomatoid tumors of the uterus". Eur. J. Gynaecol. Oncol. 11 (2): 85–9. PMID 2199199.
  14. ↑ Visvanathan, K.; Vang, R.; Shaw, P.; Gross, A.; Soslow, R.; Parkash, V.; Shih, IeM.; Kurman, RJ. (Dec 2011). "Diagnosis of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma based on morphologic and immunohistochemical features: a reproducibility study.". Am J Surg Pathol 35 (12): 1766-75. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31822f58bc. PMID 21989347.
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