Difference between revisions of "Germ cell tumours"
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===Microscopic=== | ===Microscopic=== | ||
Features: | Features: | ||
*'''C'''ytotrophoblasts - '''key feature'''. | |||
*'''C'''ytotrophoblasts | |||
**'''C'''lear cytoplasm. | **'''C'''lear cytoplasm. | ||
**Polygonal shaped cells in cords/masses. | **Polygonal shaped cells in cords/masses. | ||
| Line 102: | Line 99: | ||
*+/-Hemorrhage. | *+/-Hemorrhage. | ||
*+/-Necrosis. | *+/-Necrosis. | ||
*Syncytiotrophoblasts - may be absent.<ref>URL: [http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=4&Case=36 http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=4&Case=36]. Accessed on: 8 February 2011.</ref> | |||
**Large + many irreg. or lobular hyperchromatic nuclei. | |||
**Eosinophilic vacuolated cytoplasm (contains hCG). | |||
Image(s): | Image(s): | ||
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=36&n=1 Choriocarcinoma (webpathology.com)] | *[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=5&Case=36 Choriocarcinoma - low mag. (webpathology.com)]. | ||
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=36&n=1 Choriocarcinoma (webpathology.com)]. | |||
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=4&Case=36 Choriocarcinoma (webpathology.com)]. | |||
Notes: | Notes: | ||
Revision as of 22:45, 8 February 2011
This article covers germ cell tumours which classicaly arise in the gonads (ovary, testis). They also show-up in neuropathology and in the mediastinum.
Seminoma
Main article: Testis#Seminoma
A common GCT in males.
Dysgerminoma
Main article: Ovarian tumours#Dysgerminoma
A common GCT in females.
Yolk sac tumour
General
- Tumour also known as endodermal sinus tumour.
Epidemiology
- Most common GCT in infants and young boys.
Microscopy
Classic feature:
- Schiller-Duval bodies.
- Look like glomerulus - central blood vessel surrounded by epithelial-like cells a space and more epithelial-like cells
- Architecure - variable.
- Most common microcystic pattern.[1]
Image:
Variants:
- Hepatoid pattern.[2]
- Vaguely resembles liver.
- Hyaline globules (light red well-circumscribed globs).
- Bile canaculi.
- Vaguely resembles liver.
- Solid pattern.[3]
- Vaguely resembles seminoma.
Image:
IHC
- AFP +ve.
- Glypican 3 +ve.
- More sensitive than AFP.[4]
- Alpha-1 AT +ve.
- Cytokeratin +ve. ???
DDx
- Embryonal carcinoma.
Embryonal carcinoma
General
- Affects young adults.
- May be seen in women.
Microscopic
Features:[5]
- Nucleoli - key feature.
- Vesicular nuclei (clear, empty appearing nuclei) - key feature.
- Nuclei overlap.
- Necrosis - common.
- Not commonly present in seminoma.
- Indistinct cell borders
- Mitoses - common.
- Variable architecture:
- Tubulopapillary.
- Glandular.
- Solid.
- Embryoid bodies - ball of cells in surrounded by empty space on three sides.
Notes:
- Cytoplasmic staining variable (eosinophilic to basophilic).
Images:
- Set 1:
- Set 2:
DDx
- Yolk sac tumour.
IHC
- AE1/AE3 +ve.
- CD30 +ve.
Choriocarcinoma
General
- Aggressive clinical course.
Microscopic
Features:
- Cytotrophoblasts - key feature.
- Clear cytoplasm.
- Polygonal shaped cells in cords/masses.
- Distinct cell borders.
- Single uniform nucleus.
- +/-Hemorrhage.
- +/-Necrosis.
- Syncytiotrophoblasts - may be absent.[6]
- Large + many irreg. or lobular hyperchromatic nuclei.
- Eosinophilic vacuolated cytoplasm (contains hCG).
Image(s):
- Choriocarcinoma - low mag. (webpathology.com).
- Choriocarcinoma (webpathology.com).
- Choriocarcinoma (webpathology.com).
Notes:
- See: Chorionic villi.
IHC
- beta-hCG +ve.
Teratoma
General
- Consists of all three germ layers:[7]
- Endoderm:
- Skin, CNS.
- Mesoderm:
- Muscle, bone, connective tissue, blood.
- Ectoderm:
- Internal organs.
- Endoderm:
Classification
- Divided into:
- Mature.
- Immature.
Immature
- Immature if neural tissue is present:[8]
- Vaguely resembles pseudostratified respiratory epithelium.
- Islands of small hyperchromatic cells - "blastema".
- +/-Cartilage.
- +/-Adipocytes.
- +/-Colonic type mucosa.
- +/-Stratified squamous epithelium (skin).
Images:
- Primitive neuroepithelium - high mag. (WC).
- Primitive neuroepithelium - intermed mag. (WC)
- Teratoma - mature components (WC).
Other images:
- Immature teratoma - myxomatous stroma (webpathology.com).
- Immature teratoma - blastema (webpathology.com).
- Immature teratoma - primitive neuroepithelium (webpathology.com).
- Immature teratoma - primitive neuroepithelium (pathconsultddx.com).
- Immature teratoma - primitive neuroepithelium (ouhsc.edu).
Grading
Based on quantity of immature neuroepithelium:[9][10][11]
- G0 - mature teratoma; no immature neuroepithelium.
- G1 - less than one lower power field (LPF) of immature neuroepithelium; LPF defined field at 4X magnification.
- G2 - 1-3 LPFs.
- G3 - more than 3 LPFs.
Note:
- LPF not adequately defined - see LPFitis. Same BS as HPF.
IHC (immature)
Features:
- Primitive neuroepithelium:[12]
- Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) +ve.
- Neuron-specific B tubulin +ve.
- Synaptophysin +ve.
See also
References
- ↑ URL: http://webpathology.com/image.asp?case=34&n=1. Accessed on: March 8, 2010.
- ↑ URL: http://webpathology.com/image.asp?case=34&n=6. Accessed on: March 8, 2010.
- ↑ URL: http://webpathology.com/image.asp?case=34&n=8. Accessed on: March 8, 2010.
- ↑ Emerson, RE.; Ulbright, TM. (Jun 2010). "Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the testis and its associated cancers: the use of novel biomarkers.". Pathology 42 (4): 344-55. doi:10.3109/00313021003767355. PMID 20438407.
- ↑ Zhou, Ming; Magi-Galluzzi, Cristina (2006). Genitourinary Pathology: A Volume in Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Churchill Livingstone. pp. 549. ISBN 978-0443066771.
- ↑ URL: http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=4&Case=36. Accessed on: 8 February 2011.
- ↑ Moore, Keith L.; Persaud, T.V.N. (2002). The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (7th ed.). Saunders. pp. 83. ISBN 978-0721694122.
- ↑ RS. 2 May 2010.
- ↑ Harms D, Zahn S, Göbel U, Schneider DT (2006). "Pathology and molecular biology of teratomas in childhood and adolescence". Klin Padiatr 218 (6): 296–302. doi:10.1055/s-2006-942271. PMID 17080330.
- ↑ Ulbright TM (February 2005). "Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues". Mod. Pathol. 18 Suppl 2: S61–79. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800310. PMID 15761467. http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v18/n2s/full/3800310a.html.
- ↑ O'Connor DM, Norris HJ (October 1994). "The influence of grade on the outcome of stage I ovarian immature (malignant) teratomas and the reproducibility of grading". Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 13 (4): 283–9. PMID 7814189.
- ↑ Craver RD, Lipscomb JT, Suskind D, Velez MC (October 2001). "Malignant teratoma of the thyroid with primitive neuroepithelial and mesenchymal sarcomatous components". Ann Diagn Pathol 5 (5): 285–92. doi:10.1053/adpa.2001.27918. PMID 11598856.