Difference between revisions of "Dermatopathology"
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Pathology is a significant part of dermatology and dermatologists spend five years in residency. So, it is a huge area. | Pathology is a significant part of dermatology and dermatologists spend five years in residency. So, it is a huge area. | ||
=Layers of the skin= | |||
*Epidermis - outer most layer, avascular, separated from dermis by a basement membrane, epithelial tissue. | *Epidermis - outer most layer, avascular, separated from dermis by a basement membrane, epithelial tissue. | ||
*Dermis - below the epidermis, vascular, separated from the epidermis by a basement membrane, connective tissue. | *Dermis - below the epidermis, vascular, separated from the epidermis by a basement membrane, connective tissue. | ||
*Subdermis - below the dermis, connective tissue. | *Subdermis - below the dermis, connective tissue. | ||
==Layers of epidermis== | |||
Epidermis layers - from the surface to epidermal-dermal junction: | Epidermis layers - from the surface to epidermal-dermal junction: | ||
*Stratum corneum. | *Stratum corneum. | ||
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Mnemonic: ''Corn Lovers Grow Several Bales''. | Mnemonic: ''Corn Lovers Grow Several Bales''. | ||
=Adnexal structures= | |||
The top five structures of the skin:<ref>{{Ref Derm|4-8}}</ref> | The top five structures of the skin:<ref>{{Ref Derm|4-8}}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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*Eccrine ducts - cuboidal type subepithelial cells. | *Eccrine ducts - cuboidal type subepithelial cells. | ||
=Common terms= | |||
*Acanthosis = thickening of the prickle layer (stratum spinosum) of epidermis.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/acanthosis http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/acanthosis]</ref> | *Acanthosis = thickening of the prickle layer (stratum spinosum) of epidermis.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/acanthosis http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/acanthosis]</ref> | ||
*Parakeratosis = retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum, normal in mucous membranes | *Parakeratosis = retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum, normal in mucous membranes | ||
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*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spongiotic_dermatitis_%282%29_Dyshidrotic_.JPG Spongiosis (WC)]. | *[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spongiotic_dermatitis_%282%29_Dyshidrotic_.JPG Spongiosis (WC)]. | ||
=Skin diseases= | |||
==[[Cancer]]== | |||
{{main|Dermatologic cancer}} | {{main|Dermatologic cancer}} | ||
Skin cancer is very common. The basic DDx of a malignant skin lesion is: | Skin cancer is very common. The basic DDx of a malignant skin lesion is: | ||
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*Metstases. | *Metstases. | ||
==Non-malignant disease== | |||
{{main|Non-malignant skin disease}} | {{main|Non-malignant skin disease}} | ||
Non-malignant skin disease is common. It is the domain of dermatologists. It can be scary for general anatomical pathologist because the differential diagnosis is often broad, and, it's generally not something the general anatomical pathologist sees a lot of. | Non-malignant skin disease is common. It is the domain of dermatologists. It can be scary for general anatomical pathologist because the differential diagnosis is often broad, and, it's generally not something the general anatomical pathologist sees a lot of. | ||
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Bullous diseases, e.g. pemphigus vulgaris, is dealt with in the ''[[bullous disease]]'' article. | Bullous diseases, e.g. pemphigus vulgaris, is dealt with in the ''[[bullous disease]]'' article. | ||
=Common entities in tables= | |||
==Non-malignant non-cystic== | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" | ||
! Entity | ! Entity | ||
| Line 205: | Line 205: | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Non-malignant cystic== | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" | ||
! Entity | ! Entity | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==Pre-malignant== | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" | ||
! Entity | ! Entity | ||
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| [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Actinic_Keratosis,_H%26E.jpg (WC)] | | [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Actinic_Keratosis,_H%26E.jpg (WC)] | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Common malignant== | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" | ||
! Entity | ! Entity | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==Less common malignant== | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" | ||
! Entity | ! Entity | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=Presentations= | |||
==Leukoplakia== | |||
DDx:<ref>{{Ref PBoD|1065}}</ref> | DDx:<ref>{{Ref PBoD|1065}}</ref> | ||
*Vitiligo (loss of pigment). | *Vitiligo (loss of pigment). | ||
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**[[Non-malignant_skin_disease#Lichen_simplex_chronicus|Lichen simplex chronicus]]. | **[[Non-malignant_skin_disease#Lichen_simplex_chronicus|Lichen simplex chronicus]]. | ||
=Skin disease and systemic conditions= | |||
==Acanthosis nigricans== | |||
Associated with: [[diabetes mellitus]],<ref>URL: [http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic1.htm http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic1.htm], URL: [http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/indexDisplay.cfm?ImageID=1943559504].</ref> malignancy.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8|596>{{Ref PCPBoD8|596}}</ref> | Associated with: [[diabetes mellitus]],<ref>URL: [http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic1.htm http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic1.htm], URL: [http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/indexDisplay.cfm?ImageID=1943559504].</ref> malignancy.<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8|596>{{Ref PCPBoD8|596}}</ref> | ||
===Microscopic=== | |||
Features ''BPH'':<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8|596>{{Ref PCPBoD8|596}}</ref> | Features ''BPH'':<ref name=Ref_PCPBoD8|596>{{Ref PCPBoD8|596}}</ref> | ||
*Basal cell hyperpigmentation. | *Basal cell hyperpigmentation. | ||
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*[http://dermatology.cdlib.org/149/reviews/acanthosisnigricans/higgins.html AN (cdlib.org)]. | *[http://dermatology.cdlib.org/149/reviews/acanthosisnigricans/higgins.html AN (cdlib.org)]. | ||
==Others== | |||
*[[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]: gluten enteropathy ([[celiac disease]]), [[thyroid]] disease, intestinal [[lymphoma]].<ref>TN07 D23.</ref> | *[[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]: gluten enteropathy ([[celiac disease]]), [[thyroid]] disease, intestinal [[lymphoma]].<ref>TN07 D23.</ref> | ||
*[[Pemphigus vulgaris]]: [[thymoma]], myasthenia gravis, malignancy.<ref>TN07 D23.</ref> | *[[Pemphigus vulgaris]]: [[thymoma]], myasthenia gravis, malignancy.<ref>TN07 D23.</ref> | ||
=References= | |||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Dermatopathology]] | [[Category:Dermatopathology]] | ||
Revision as of 14:59, 2 September 2011
Dermatopathology is the pathology of skin.
Pathology is a significant part of dermatology and dermatologists spend five years in residency. So, it is a huge area.
Layers of the skin
- Epidermis - outer most layer, avascular, separated from dermis by a basement membrane, epithelial tissue.
- Dermis - below the epidermis, vascular, separated from the epidermis by a basement membrane, connective tissue.
- Subdermis - below the dermis, connective tissue.
Layers of epidermis
Epidermis layers - from the surface to epidermal-dermal junction:
- Stratum corneum.
- Stratum lucidum.
- Present only in "thick" skin.[1]
- Stratum granulosum.
- Stratum spinosum (aka prickle layer).
- Stratum basale (germinativum).
Mnemonic: Corn Lovers Grow Several Bales.
Adnexal structures
The top five structures of the skin:[2]
| Structure / Attribute | Histomorphology | Function | IHC | Other | Image |
| Eccrine gland | clusters of tubular structures, pale cytoplasm | thermoregulation (cooling) | CK7+, CEA+, CAM5.2+, EMA+ | ? | ? |
| Apocrine gland | apical snouts, tubular structures | ear wax, body odor | ? | ? | ? |
| Sebaceous gland | clusters of cells side-by-side, pale fluffy cytoplasm | grease hair, sexual lubrication | ? | assoc. with hair follicle | ? |
| Hair follicle | linear structure | keep individual warm | ? | assoc. with sebaceous glands | ? |
| Nail | epidermal structure | ? look pretty | ? | ? | ? |
Ducts vs. glands:[3]
- Eccrine glands - spindle-shaped myoepithelial cells surround luminal cells.
- Eccrine ducts - cuboidal type subepithelial cells.
Common terms
- Acanthosis = thickening of the prickle layer (stratum spinosum) of epidermis.[4]
- Parakeratosis = retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum, normal in mucous membranes
- Dyskeratosis = abnormal keratinization, often refers to keratinization below the stratum granulosum; keratinization above may be abnormal (dependent on body site).
- Spongiosis = epidermal intercellular edema;[5] cells appear to have a clear halo around 'em.
Images:
Skin diseases
Cancer
Main article: Dermatologic cancer
Skin cancer is very common. The basic DDx of a malignant skin lesion is:
- Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).
- Basal cell carcinoma (BCC).
- Malignant melanoma.
- Metstases.
Non-malignant disease
Main article: Non-malignant skin disease
Non-malignant skin disease is common. It is the domain of dermatologists. It can be scary for general anatomical pathologist because the differential diagnosis is often broad, and, it's generally not something the general anatomical pathologist sees a lot of.
Bullous diseases, e.g. pemphigus vulgaris, is dealt with in the bullous disease article.
Common entities in tables
Non-malignant non-cystic
| Entity | Key histologic feature | Other features | Clinical | Stains/IHC | DDx | Other | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seborrheic keratosis (SK) | horn cysts (intraepidermal collections of keratin) | hyperkeratosis, brown granular material at the DE junction, sharply demarcated | stuck on appearance | none | Fibroepithelial polyp | Leser–Trélat sign = many SKs in malignancy | (WC) |
| Dermatofibroma | fibrous bundles esp. at edge of lesion | "dirty fingers" = acanthosis + basal keratinocyte hyperpigmentation | +/-trauma Hx | CD34-, Factor VIIIa+ | DFSP | very common | (pacificderm.org) |
| Fibroepithelial polyp (skin tag) | on a stalk (epithelium on 3+ sides) | no horn nests, no hyperkeratosis | raised lesion | none | seborrheic keratosis | very common | (dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu) |
| Lipoma | mature adipocytes - uniform size | var. of size may be seen, should prompt search for lipoblasts | mobile subcutaneous mass | S100 (???) | liposarcoma | variants: angiolipoma (blood vessels), myolipoma (muscle) | (ahajournals.org) |
| Angiofibroma | fibrotic dermis, dilated capillaries | enlarged (stellate fibroblasts) | dome-shaped - face, boys & nosebleeds (nasopharyngeal angiofibroma) | Stains/IHC | DDx | may be associated with tuberous sclerosis | Angiofibroma (drdittmar.lu) |
| Keloid | thick collagen bundles - surrounded by paler staining fibroblasts | replaces adnexal structures | site of previous trauma, esp. in blacks | none | dermatofibroma (???) | Other ? | (ucsf.edu). |
| Neurofibroma | bland spindle cells | mixed with collagen (???) | may be associated with neurofibromatosis | S100+ (???) | dermal nevus (???) | Other ? | (WC) |
| Keratoacanthoma | keratin plug, glassy pink cytoplasm, pushing downward growth | minimal/no nuclear atypia | grow rapidly then involute | none | squamous cell carcinoma | some don't believe in the entity | (WC) |
| Molluscum contagiosum | suprabasilar cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm | small peripheral nucleus | polypoid lesion (?) | none (?) | DDx (?) | favourite exam case | (WC) |
| Granuloma annulare | dermal palisading granuloma around necrotic collagen | mucin in centre of lesion, (peripheral) chronic inflammatory cells | benign, self-limited | none (CD68?) | necrobiosis lipoidica, rheumatoid nodule | Other ? | (dermaamin.com) |
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Non-malignant cystic
| Entity | Key histologic feature | Other features | Clinical | Stains/IHC | DDx | Other | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epidermal cyst | keratin surrounded by epidermis, epidermis has granular layer | cyst | none | pilar cyst | Other? | (ucsf.edu) | |
| Pilar cyst | keratin surrounded by epidermis, epidermis has no granular layer | cyst | none | epidermal cyst | Other? | Image? |
Pre-malignant
| Entity | Key histologic feature | Other features | Clinical | Stains/IHC | DDx | Other | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actinic keratosis | epidermal atypia, esp. (basal) nuclear enlargement | var. of size, shape and staining | yellow-brown scaly | none | squamous carcinoma | squamous carcinoma | (WC) |
Common malignant
| Entity | Key histologic feature | Other features | Clinical | Stains/IHC | DDx | Other | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basal cell carcinoma | basaloid cells with peripheral palisading, artificial cleft | Other features | pearly, telangiectasia | none (???) | trichoepithelioma | assoc. nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Bazex syndrome | Image |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | nuclear enlargement, eosinophilic cytoplasm, central nucleus | small nucleolus, intercellular bridges | flaky appearance | p63+, HMWK+ (???) | keratoacanthoma, Paget disease - EMPD & PDB, Melanoma, Toker cell hyperplasia | Other | Image |
| Melanoma | nuclear atypia (nucleoli), spindle and/or epithelioid morphology | mitoses (esp. deep), +/-pigment, +/-nested arch., asymmetry, upward spread (into epidermis), epithelioid m. deep | ABCD = Asymmetry, Borders poor demarc., Colour dark, Diameter large | S100+, Melan A+, HMB-45+, microphthalmia+, tyrosinase+ | melanocytic lesions | may be familial, dysplastic nevus | (WC) |
Less common malignant
| Entity | Key histologic feature | Other features | Clinical | Stains/IHC | DDx | Other | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaposi sarcoma | vascular spindle cell lesion | hyaline globules (intracytoplasmic) | often HIV/AIDS | HHV-8 | Masson's hemangioma, angiosarcoma | Other | (WC) |
| Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) | single lymphocytes in epidermis ("lymphocyte exocytosis") | lymphocyte nests in the epidermis ("Pautrier microabscesses"), short arrays of lymphocytes along the basal layer of the epidermis ("epidermotropism") | Clinical | CD45, CD4 | B cell lymphoma (?) | Other | (WC) |
Presentations
Leukoplakia
DDx:[6]
- Vitiligo (loss of pigment).
- Inflammation.
- Chronic dermatitis.
- Psoriasis.
- Neoplasia.
- Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia.
- Paget disease.
- Invasive carcinoma.
- Other.
Skin disease and systemic conditions
Acanthosis nigricans
Associated with: diabetes mellitus,[7] malignancy.[8]
Microscopic
Features BPH:[8]
- Basal cell hyperpigmentation.
- Prominent rete ridges.
- Hyperkeratosis.
Images:
Others
- Dermatitis herpetiformis: gluten enteropathy (celiac disease), thyroid disease, intestinal lymphoma.[9]
- Pemphigus vulgaris: thymoma, myasthenia gravis, malignancy.[10]
References
- ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 1. ISBN 978-0443066542.
- ↑ Busam, Klaus J. (2009). Dermatopathology: A Volume in the Foundations in Diagnostic Pathology Series (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 4-8. ISBN 978-0443066542.
- ↑ HJ. 27 Feb 2009.
- ↑ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/acanthosis
- ↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1230. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
- ↑ Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 1065. ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
- ↑ URL: http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic1.htm, URL: [1].
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 596. ISBN 978-1416054542.
- ↑ TN07 D23.
- ↑ TN07 D23.