Difference between revisions of "Lymph node pathology"

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m (+toxo)
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Image: [http://pleiad.umdnj.edu/hemepath/normal_node/normal_node.html Normal lymph node (umdnj.edu)].
Image: [http://pleiad.umdnj.edu/hemepath/normal_node/normal_node.html Normal lymph node (umdnj.edu)].


==Diffuse paracorticl hyperplasia==
==Diffuse paracortical hyperplasia==
===General===
===General===
*Benign.
*Benign.
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*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=386&n=1 Cat-scratch disease (webpathology.com)].
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?case=386&n=1 Cat-scratch disease (webpathology.com)].
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=2&Case=386 Cat-scratch disease - high mag. (webpathology.com)]
*[http://www.webpathology.com/image.asp?n=2&Case=386 Cat-scratch disease - high mag. (webpathology.com)]
==Toxoplasma lymphadenitis==
===General===
*Caused by protozoan ''Toxoplasma gondii''.
===Microscopic===
Features:<ref name=Ref_ILNP113>{{Ref ILNP|113}}</ref>
*Reactive germinal centers (pale areas - larger than usual).
*Epithelioid cells - perifollicular & intrafollicular.
**Loose aggregates of histiocytes (do not form round granulomas):
***Abundant pale cytoplasm.
***Nucleoli.
*Monocytoid cells (monocyte-like cells) - in cortex & paracortex.
**Large cells in islands/sheets '''key feature''' with:
***Abundant pale cytoplasm - '''important'''.
***Well-defined cell border - '''important'''.
***Singular nucleus.
Notes:
*Monocytoid cells CD68 -ve.


==Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy==
==Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy==

Revision as of 15:46, 3 August 2010

This article deals with lymph node pathology. An introduction to the lymph node is in the lymph nodes article.

Progressive transformation of germinal centers

General

  • Abbreviated as PTGC.
  • Benign.
  • Classically in younger patients.
  • Associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma - non-classic type (nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma).

Microscopic

Features:

  • Large germinal centers - focally.
    • No mass lesions.

Reactive follicular hyperplasia

General

  • Many causes - including: bacteria, viruses, chemicals, drugs, allergens.
    • In only approximately 10% can definitive cause be identified.[1]

Microscopic

Features:[2]

  • Enlarged follicles, follicle size variation - key feature with:
    • Large germinal centers (pale on H&E).
      • Mitoses common.
      • Variable lymphocyte morphology.
      • Tingible-body macrophage (large, pale cells with junk in the cytoplasm).
    • Rim of small (inactive) lymphocytes.

IHC:

  • BCL-2 -ve.

Image: Normal lymph node (umdnj.edu).

Diffuse paracortical hyperplasia

General

  • Benign.

Microscopic

Features:[2]

  • Interfollicular areas enlarged - key feature.
    • T cell population increased.
    • Plasma cells.
    • Macrophages.
    • Large Reed-Sternberg-like cells.

Sinus histiocytosis

General

  • Benign.

Microscopic

Features:[2]

  • Sinuses distended with histiocytes - key feature.
  • Plasma cells increased.

Kikuchi disease

General

  • AKA histiocytic necrotising lymphadenitis (HNL),[3] and Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease.
  • Rare disease that may mimic cancer, esp. lymphoma.
    • May cause fever & systemic symptoms.[4]

Epidemiology:[4]

  • Usually <40 years old.
  • Asian.
  • Female:Male = 3:1.[5]

Treatment:

  • Usually self-limited.[4]
  • Oral corticosteroids.

DDx:

  • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus.

Micrograph

Features (the three main features - just as the name suggests):[6]

  • Histiocytes.
    • May be crescentic.
  • Necrosis (due to apoptosis) - paracortical areas.[4]
    • Necrosis without neutrophils - key feature.
  • Lymphocytes (CD8 +ve).
  • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells.


Notes:

  • Dendritic cell - vaguely resembles a macrophage:[7]
    • Long membrane projections - key feature.
    • Abundant blue-grey cytoplasm, +/- ground-glass appearance.
    • Nucleus: small, ovoid, usu. single nucleolous.

Images:

IHC

  • CD68 +ve.
  • CD8 +ve.
  • CD4, CD20, CD3, and CD30 - mixed.
    • Done to excluded lymphoma; should show a mixed population of lymphocytes.

Castleman disease

General

  • AKA angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia, giant lymph node hyperplasia.[8]
  • Benign.
  • Abbreviated CD.

Classification

CD is grouped by location/involvment:

  • Hyaline vascular variant.
    • Usually unicentric.
    • Typically mediastinal or axial.
  • Plasma cell variant.
    • Usually multicentric.
    • Abundant plasma cells.
    • Associated with HHV-8 infection (the same virus implicated in Kaposi's sarcoma).

Discussed here: [9]

Microscopic

Features:[10]

  • Pale concentric (expanded) mantle zone lymphocytes.
    • "Regressed follicle". (???)
  • "Lollipops" - germinal centers fed by prominent vessels; lollipop-like appearance.
  • Two germinal centers in one follicle.

Cat-scratch disease

General

  • AKA Cat-scratch fever.
  • Infection caused Bartonella henselae,[11] a gram-negative bacilla (0.3-1.0 x 0.6-3.0 micrometers) in chains, clumps, or singular.[12]
  • Treatment: antibiotics.

Clinical

Features:[13]

  • Usually unilateral.
    • May be desseminated in individuals with immune dysfunction.
  • Contact with cats.

Micrograph

Features:[13]

  • Necrotizing granulomas with:
    • Neutrophils present in microabscess (necrotic debris) - key feature.
      • Microabscesses often described as "stellate" (star-shaped).
  • +/-Multinucleated giant cells.

Notes:

  • May involve capsule or perinodal tissue.

Stains:

  • Warthin-Starry stain +ve.
  • B. henselae IHC stain +ve.

Image(s):

Toxoplasma lymphadenitis

General

  • Caused by protozoan Toxoplasma gondii.

Microscopic

Features:[13]

  • Reactive germinal centers (pale areas - larger than usual).
  • Epithelioid cells - perifollicular & intrafollicular.
    • Loose aggregates of histiocytes (do not form round granulomas):
      • Abundant pale cytoplasm.
      • Nucleoli.
  • Monocytoid cells (monocyte-like cells) - in cortex & paracortex.
    • Large cells in islands/sheets key feature with:
      • Abundant pale cytoplasm - important.
      • Well-defined cell border - important.
      • Singular nucleus.

Notes:

  • Monocytoid cells CD68 -ve.

Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy

General

  • Lymphadenopathy associated with a skin lesion. (???)
  • May be benign of malignant (e.g. T-cell lymphoma).

Microscopic

  • May see melanin pigment. (???)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ioachim, Harry L; Medeiros, L. Jeffrey (2008). Ioachim's Lymph Node Pathology (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 174. ISBN 978-0781775960.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ioachim, Harry L; Medeiros, L. Jeffrey (2008). Ioachim's Lymph Node Pathology (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 179. ISBN 978-0781775960.
  3. ↑ Kaushik V, Malik TH, Bishop PW, Jones PH (June 2004). "Histiocytic necrotising lymphadenitis (Kikuchi's disease): a rare cause of cervical lymphadenopathy". Surgeon 2 (3): 179–82. PMID 15570824.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Hutchinson CB, Wang E (February 2010). "Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 134 (2): 289–93. PMID 20121621.
  5. ↑ URL: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/210752-overview. Accessed on: 3 June 2010.
  6. ↑ URL: http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_head_and_neck_surgery/volume_1_number_1_30/article_printable/kikuchi_s_lymphadenitis_in_a_young_male.html. Accessed on: 1 June 2010.
  7. ↑ URL: http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/hematology/hessedd/benignhematologicdisorders/normal-hematopoietic-cells/dendritic-cell.cfm?drid=214. Accessed on: 3 June 2010.
  8. ↑ URL: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/castleman-disease/DS01000. Accessed on: 17 June 2010.
  9. ↑ PMID 19546611
  10. ↑ URL: http://www.ispub.com/journal/the_internet_journal_of_otorhinolaryngology/volume_9_number_2_11/article/a_rare_case_of_castleman_s_disease_presenting_as_cervical_neck_mass.html. Accessed on: 15 June 2010.
  11. ↑ Jerris, RC.; Regnery, RL. (1996). "Will the real agent of cat-scratch disease please stand up?". Annu Rev Microbiol 50: 707-25. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.707. PMID 8905096.
  12. ↑ Ioachim, Harry L; Medeiros, L. Jeffrey (2008). Ioachim's Lymph Node Pathology (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 110. ISBN 978-0781775960.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Ioachim, Harry L; Medeiros, L. Jeffrey (2008). Ioachim's Lymph Node Pathology (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 113. ISBN 978-0781775960.
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