Difference between revisions of "Viruses"
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*HPV 16 - predominantly squamous cell carcinoma.<ref name=pmid15551313/> | *HPV 16 - predominantly squamous cell carcinoma.<ref name=pmid15551313/> | ||
**'''S'''ixteen = '''s'''quamous. | **'''S'''ixteen = '''s'''quamous. | ||
*HPV 31. | |||
*HPV 33. | |||
====Oncogenesis==== | ====Oncogenesis==== | ||
Revision as of 17:13, 31 May 2012
This article deals with viruses. The more general topic of infective things is dealt with in microorganisms. Many viruses afflict humans. Only a few of them can be diagnosed histologically.
Viral inclusions - types
Cowdry types:[1]
- Cowdry type A inclusion:[2]
- Round eosinophilic material surrounded by a clear halo.
- Cowdry type B inclusion:[3]
- Neuropathology thingy. (???)
Images:
Viruses
Herpes simplex virus
- In the context of gynecologic cytopathology see: Gynecologic_cytopathology#Herpes_simplex_virus.
- Abbreviated HSV.
General
Several subtypes:
- Canker sores - usually HSV-1.
- Genital herpes - usually HSV-2.
Histology/cytology
Features:[4]
- Clear "ground glass" nuclei.
- Rim of peripheral chromatin.
- Nuclear inclusions.
- Multinucleation with nuclear molding, i.e. multiple nuclei that touch over a large surface area.
Mnemonic - 3 Ms: Margination, Multinucleation, Molding.
Images:
- Herpes simplex virus - multinucleation (virology.org).
- HSV on a Pap test - showing multinucleation (WC).
- HSV esophagitis - very high mag. (WC).
- HSV esophagitis - intermed. mag. (WC).
Cytomegalovirus
- Abbreviated CMV.
- For pneumonia caused by CMV - see Cytomegalovirus pneumonia.
General
- The name comes from the microscopic appearance.
- One of the TORCH infections.
- May cause fetal hydrops and intracerebral hemorrhage.[5]
Microscopic
Features:
- Very large nucleus (as the name implies) with clearing.
- Classically described as owl's eye-like.
- Granular cytoplasmic inclusions (red on H&E sections).
Notes:
- Classically in endothelial cells.
- In the context of esophageal ulcers, it is therefore useful to biopsy the base of the ulcer - if this is suspected.
Images:
- WC:
- www:
IHC
- IHC for CMV is available - highlights granular cytoplasmic inclusions; increases sensitivity.
Human papillomavirus
- Abbreviated HPV.
General
- Sexually transmitted.
Associated pathology
- Benign:
- Malignant:
- Cervical cancer and precursors (LSIL, HSIL).
- Anal cancer and precursors (AIN).[6]
- Vulvar cancer].[6]
- Vaginal cancer.[6]
- Penile cancer.[6]
- HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma - oropharynx (specifically - tonsils, base of tongue).
Oncocytic types
- HPV 18 - predominantly adenocarcinoma.[9]
- Eighteen = adenocarcinoma.
- HPV 16 - predominantly squamous cell carcinoma.[9]
- Sixteen = squamous.
- HPV 31.
- HPV 33.
Oncogenesis
Quick & dirty explanation of pathogenesis:[10][11]
- Virus integrates into host genome.
- This is accompanied by loss of viral gene E2 (which suppresses function of E6 & E7).
- Viral gene E6 dysregulates p53.
- Viral gene E7 dysregulates RB.
Vaccine
Recombinant vaccine (Gardasil, Silgard) - covers:[12]
- HPV 6.
- HPV 11.
- HPV 16.
- HPV 18.
Microscopic
Features:
- Koilocytes:
- Perinuclear clearing.
- Nuclear changes.
- Size similar (or larger) to those in the basal layer of the epithelium.
- Nuclear enlargement should be evident on low power, i.e. 25x.
- Central location - nucleus should be smack in the middle of the cell.
Images:
IHC
- p16 +ve -- stains most cells infected by HPV.
Adenovirus
General
- Common in kids - usually a mild respiratory infection with fever and pharyngitis.
- Can cause post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans.[13]
- May be seen in the context of (adenovirus) appendicitis.
Microscopic
Features:
- "Smudge" cells[14] - black/blue blob ~ 10-15 micrometers. (???)
Notes:
Images:
- Adenovirus (medscape.com).[15]
- Smudge cell (medpedia.com).
- Necrosis in germinal centre - low mag. (flickr.com).
- Viral inclusions - high mag. (flickr.com).
- IHC for adenovirus (flickr.com)
- Adenovirus encephalitis - several images (upmc.edu).
Parvovirus
- AKA Parvovirus B19.
General
- Most significant in pregnant women.
- Parvovirus attacks the nucleated RBCs of the fetus - causes an aplastic anemia.
- May cause collapsing glomerulopathy.[16]
Trivia:
Microscopic
Features:
- Glassy (red) nuclear inclusions.[19]
- Nuclear enlargement.
Images:
- WC:
- www:
Epstein-Barr virus
- Abbreviated EBV
General
- Cases mononucleosis.
- Part of the herpes group of viruses.[22]
Note:
- The virus is Epstein... the tricuspid abnormality is Ebstein.
Associations
Cancer:[11]
- Classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Burkitt lymphoma.
- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
- B cell lymphomas -- in immunosuppressed individuals.
- Leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma in the context of HIV.[23]
Other:
Microscopic
Features:
- Variable - see specific pathologies in Associations section.
- +/-Atypical lymphocytes.
- +/-Hemophagocytosis (uncommon).
Images:
IHC
- Mixed population of CD3 & CD20 -- in benign.
Molecular
- EBER +ve -- in situ hybridization for RNA fragments in EBV.[25]
Polyomavirus
May refer to:
- BK virus.
- Merkel cell polyomavirus.
- See: Merkel cell carcinoma.
- JC virus.
Human herpesvirus-8
- Commonly abbreviated HHV-8.
General
Associated with a number of cancers:
- Kaposi sarcoma.
- Primary effusion lymphoma.
- Body cavity lymphoma.
- LBCL arising in HHV-8 associated multicentric Castleman disease.
Other:
- Castleman disease, plasma cell variant.
Microscopic
- No light microscopic changes.
IHC
- Usually HHV-8 +ve.
West Nile virus
- Abbreviated WNV.
General
- Uncommon pathologen.
Clinical:
- Fever.
- Muscle weakness.
Microscopic
Features:[26]
- Perivascular clusters in grey and white matter:
- Mononuclear infiltrates (lymphocytes, plasma cells).
- Microglial nodules (macrophage clusters).
Measles virus
General
- Illness may be complicated by subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) - a chronic neurodegenerative condition.[27]
Microscopic
Features:
- +/-Intranuclear Cowdry type A inclusions.
- Glassy (pink) nucleus.
- Lymphocytes and microglial cells.
- Demyelination.
Images:
Rabies virus
General
- Causes rabies.
Virus affects:[28]
- Cerebral cortex.
- Hippocamus pyramidal cells.
- Purkinje cells.
Microscopic
Features:
- Negri bodies:
- Dense-appearing eosinophilic cytoplasmic bodies with a pale halo.
Images:
See also
References
- ↑ URL: http://www.pathconsultddx.com/pathCon/largeImage?pii=S1559-8675%2806%2970864-6&figureId=fig3&ecomponentId=mmc3. Accessed: 12 January 2010.
- ↑ URL: http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3495.html. Accessed on: 22 January 2010.
- ↑ http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/3496.html. Accessed on: 22 January 2010.
- ↑ SM. 11 January 2010.
- ↑ Tongsong, T.; Sukpan, K.; Wanapirak, C.; Phadungkiatwattna, P. (2008). "Fetal cytomegalovirus infection associated with cerebral hemorrhage, hydrops fetalis, and echogenic bowel: case report.". Fetal Diagn Ther 23 (3): 169-72. doi:10.1159/000116737. PMID 18417974.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Borget, I.; Abramowitz, L.; Mathevet, P. (Jul 2011). "Economic burden of HPV-related cancers in France.". Vaccine 29 (32): 5245-9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.018. PMID 21616117.
- ↑ Zhang, QY.; Zhang, DH.; Shen, ZY.; Xu, LY.; Li, EM.; Au, WW. (Mar 2011). "Infection and integration of human papillomavirus in esophageal carcinoma.". Int J Hyg Environ Health 214 (2): 156-61. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2010.11.001. PMID 21130683.
- ↑ Iyer, A.; Rajendran, V.; Adamson, CS.; Peng, Z.; Cooper, K.; Evans, MF. (Mar 2011). "Human papillomavirus is detectable in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal carcinoma but is unlikely to be of any etiologic significance.". J Clin Virol 50 (3): 205-8. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2010.11.015. PMID 21169053.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 De Boer, MA.; Peters, LA.; Aziz, MF.; Siregar, B.; Cornain, S.; Vrede, MA.; Jordanova, ES.; Fleuren, GJ. (Apr 2005). "Human papillomavirus type 18 variants: histopathology and E6/E7 polymorphisms in three countries.". Int J Cancer 114 (3): 422-5. doi:10.1002/ijc.20727. PMID 15551313.
- ↑ Münger, K.; Howley, PM. (Nov 2002). "Human papillomavirus immortalization and transformation functions.". Virus Res 89 (2): 213-28. PMID 12445661.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mitchell, Richard; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon (2011). Pocket Companion to Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 169. ISBN 978-1416054542.
- ↑ McCormack, PL.; Joura, EA. (Oct 2011). "Spotlight on Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus(Types 6, 11, 16, 18) Recombinant Vaccine(Gardasil®) in the Prevention of PremalignantGenital Lesions, Genital Cancer, and Genital Warts in Women†.". BioDrugs 25 (5): 339-43. doi:10.2165/11205060-000000000-00000. PMID 21942919.
- ↑ Aguerre, V.; Castaños, C.; Pena, HG.; Grenoville, M.; Murtagh, P. (Dec 2010). "Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: clinical and pulmonary function findings.". Pediatr Pulmonol 45 (12): 1180-5. doi:10.1002/ppul.21304. PMID 20717912.
- ↑ URL: http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/infect.htm. Accessed on: 8 July 2010.
- ↑ URL:http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/438534_2. Accessed on: 8 July 2010.
- ↑ Schwimmer, JA.; Markowitz, GS.; Valeri, A.; Appel, GB. (Mar 2003). "Collapsing glomerulopathy.". Semin Nephrol 23 (2): 209-18. doi:10.1053/snep.2003.50019. PMID 12704581.
- ↑ Cossart, YE.; Field, AM.; Cant, B.; Widdows, D. (Jan 1975). "Parvovirus-like particles in human sera.". Lancet 1 (7898): 72-3. PMID 46024.
- ↑ Servey JT, Reamy BV, Hodge J (February 2007). "Clinical presentations of parvovirus B19 infection". Am Fam Physician 75 (3): 373–6. PMID 17304869. http://www.aafp.org/afp/991001ap/1455.html.
- ↑ URL: http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/infect.htm. Accessed on: 8 July 2010.
- ↑ URL:http://info.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~tsutsumi/case/case210.htm. Accessed on: 8 February 2011.
- ↑ URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0036-46652007000200007&script=sci_arttext. Accessed on: 18 August 2011.
- ↑ URL: http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/orfpath/herpes.htm. Accessed on: 14 April 2011.
- ↑ McClain, KL.; Joshi, VV.; Murphy, SB. (Oct 1996). "Cancers in children with HIV infection.". Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 10 (5): 1189-201. PMID 8880205.
- ↑ Jin YK, Xie ZD, Yang S, Lu G, Shen KL (June 2010). "Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a retrospective study of 78 pediatric cases in mainland of China". Chin. Med. J. 123 (11): 1426–30. PMID 20819601.
- ↑ Tornóczky, T.; Kelényi, G.; Pajor, L. (1998). "EBER oligonucleotide RNA in situ hybridization in EBV associated neoplasms.". Pathol Oncol Res 4 (3): 201-5. PMID 9761938.
- ↑ Sampson, BA.; Ambrosi, C.; Charlot, A.; Reiber, K.; Veress, JF.; Armbrustmacher, V. (May 2000). "The pathology of human West Nile Virus infection.". Hum Pathol 31 (5): 527-31. PMID 10836291.
- ↑ URL: http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case595/dx.html. Accessed on: 26 January 2012.
- ↑ Lefkowitch, Jay H. (2006). Anatomic Pathology Board Review (1st ed.). Saunders. pp. 424 Q36. ISBN 978-1416025887.
- ↑ Nuovo, GJ.; Defaria, DL.; Chanona-Vilchi, JG.; Zhang, Y. (Jan 2005). "Molecular detection of rabies encephalitis and correlation with cytokine expression.". Mod Pathol 18 (1): 62-7. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800274. PMID 15389258. http://www.nature.com/modpathol/journal/v18/n1/full/3800274a.html.