This article deals with thymus staging. An introduction to staging is in the cancer staging systems article.
Overview
There is a system by Masaoka and colleagues[1] that was subsequently modified, and is known as the modified Masaoka staging system.[2]
Based on CAP protocol
Staging as per Butnor et al.:[3]
| Stage
|
Characteristics
|
| I
|
encapsulated lesion, tumour does not penetrate capsule
|
| IIa
|
microscopic penetration of the capsule
|
| IIb
|
macroscopic penetration of the capsule
|
| III
|
macroscopic invasion of adjacent organs
|
| IVa
|
pleural or pericardial spread
|
| IVb
|
lymphatic or hematogenous spread
|
Modified Masaoka as per Masaoka et al. (1999)
T-stage - based on Masaoka et al. (1999):[4]
| Stage
|
Features
|
| T1
|
macroscopically and microscopically encapulated
|
| T2
|
macroscopic invasion or adhesion to surrounding tissue (fat or pleura) or microscopic invasion into the capsule
|
| T3
|
Spread to adjacent organs, e.g. pericardium, lung, great vessels.
|
| T4
|
pericardial or pleural spread
|
N-stage - based on Masaoka et al. (1999):[4]
| Stage
|
Features
|
| N0
|
no lymph node spread
|
| N1
|
spread to anterior mediastinal lymph nodes
|
| N2
|
spread to intrathoracic lymph nodes other than the mediastinal lymph nodes
|
| N3
|
spread to supraclavicular lymph nodes
|
M-stage - based on Masaoka et al. (1999):[4]
| Stage
|
Features
|
| M0
|
no hematogeneous spread and extrathoracic lymph nodes with the exception of the supraclavicular nodes
|
| M1
|
hematogeneous spread and/or extrathoracic lymph nodes
|
See also
References
- ↑ Masaoka, A.; Monden, Y.; Nakahara, K.; Tanioka, T. (Dec 1981). "Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages.". Cancer 48 (11): 2485-92. PMID 7296496.
- ↑ Koga, K.; Matsuno, Y.; Noguchi, M.; Mukai, K.; Asamura, H.; Goya, T.; Shimosato, Y. (May 1994). "A review of 79 thymomas: modification of staging system and reappraisal of conventional division into invasive and non-invasive thymoma.". Pathol Int 44 (5): 359-67. PMID 8044305.
- ↑ Butnor KJ et al. Thymus. Version 3.1.0.0. 2011. URL: www.cap.org/cancerprotocols. Accessed on: 31 August 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Masaoka, A.; Yamakawa, Y.; Fujii, Y. (Mar 1999). "Well-differentiated thymic carcinoma: is it thymic carcinoma or not?". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117 (3): 628-30. PMID 10047676.